THE

PEOCEEDINGS /

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF

NEW SOUTH WALES,

VOL. v.,

[ With Ei 4 najEiM r Plates.]

SYDNEY :
PRINTED AND PUBLISEEB FOR TEE SOCIETY BY

F. W. WHITE, 59 MAI\KET STR,EET,

AND SOLD BY THE SOCIETY,

1881.

CONTENTS OF VOL. Y. .

PAET I.

Tage.
Medicinal Plants of Queensland. By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c., . . 1

On Queensland Ferns, with description of two new species. By F. M.

Bailey, F.L.S., &c 29

On some Polyzoa from the Queensland Coast. By "William A.

Haswell, M.A.,B.Sc. Plates 1, 2, 3 •.•••.••* ^'^

Description of a new species of Galaxias, with remarks on the distribu-
tion of the genus. By William Macleay, F.L.S. , &c 45

On two hitherto undescribed Sydney fishes. By William Macleay,

F.L.S. , &c 48

On the Fungi of New South Wales and Queensland. By the Rev. J.

E. Tenison- Woods, F.L.S., &c., and F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c.. . . 50
Description of a new species of Ol'ujorus. By E. P. Ramsay, F.G.S.,

&c. Plate 9 93

Notes on Galeocerdo Rayneri. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S., &c. Plate 4 95
On some new Am^^hijijoda. By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, &c.

Plates 5, 6, 7... ..' 97

Notes and Exhibits 49, lOo

PAET II.

Page,
On some of the Littoral Marine Fauna of North-east Australia. By

the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S., &c 106

Ecctillcation of the Nomenclature of Furjmra anomala, Angas. By

Professor Ralph Tate, President Phil. Soc, Adelaide 131

Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meyeick, B.A.

Part III. Thieina 133

On a new species of Nepenthes. By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c., &c... 185
On a Fossiliferous Bed at the Mouth of the Endeavour River. By the

Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c 187

Notes on a new variety of Bulimus CaledonicuSy By J. Beaziee,

C.M.Z.S., C.M.R.S., Tasmania, &c 190

On the habits of some Australian Echini. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-
Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S., &c 193

Descriptions of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera. By E. Meyeick, B.A.

Part IV. Tineina 204

Notes and Exhibits 182, 191, 272

PAET III.

Page.
Notes on Moore Park Borings. By James C. Cox, M.D., F.L.S.,

&c., with Plate 273

Notes on Plants in the vicinity of Mount Dromedarv. By BaeonFeed.

VON Muellee, K.C.M.G., F.R.S,, &c ' 286

Eucalypts of the County of Cumberland. By the Rev. De. Woolls,

F.L.S., &c., Part 1 288

On a rare species of Perch from Port Jackson. By E. P. Ramsay,

F.L.S., &c 294

27767

IV. CONTENTS.

Page.
Notes on Eistiopliorus gladius, with Plate. By E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S. 295
On a Molar Tooth of Zev.glodon from the Murray Eiver Tertiary Beds.

By E. B. Sanger, C.M.L.S., N. S. Wales 298

On a new species oi Flahellum. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods,

F.a.S., &c 301

Descriptive Catalogue of the Fishes of Australia. By William

Macleay, F.L.S 302

Notes on Shells from the Solomon Isles and Australia. By J. Beaziee,

C.M.Z.S., &c 4M

Eucalypts of the County of Cumberland. By the Eev. De. Woolls,

F.L.S., &c., Part II 448

Notes and Exhibits 280, 300, 458

PAET IV.

Page.
Ona new species of Z)/ffse;'i.s, By the Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods,

F.G-.S., F.L.S., Plate 15 459

Description of two new species of Australian Fishes. By E. P.

Ramsay, F.L.S .*. 462

Species of Eucalyptus in the County of Cumberland : their habitat

and uses. By the Rev. De. Woolls, D.D., F.L.S., Parts III.,

IV., V , 468, 488, 503

On some new AustraHan Marine Isopoda, Part I. By William A.

Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, Plates 16-19 ,. 470

Notes on recent Mollusca found in Port Jackson, and on the Coast of

New South Wales and other localities, with their synonyms. By

J. Beaziee, C.M.Z.S 481

On a young specimen of a Temnopleurus. By the Rev. J. E. Tenison-

WooDS, F.G.S., F.L.S., Plate 15 493

Description of a Parasitic >S;?/^;2ai^?{5. By E. P. Ramsay, F.L.S 494

List of species of Porcellana or Cyprma, found in Moreton Bay,

Queensland. By J. Beaziee, C.M.Z.S 496

Descriptive Catalogue of Australian Fishes. ^^ William Macleay,

F.L.S., Part II., Plates 13, and 14 510

Remarks on some recently redescribed Australian Shells. By J.

Beazeee, C.M.Z.S 630

On a new species of RegalcBcus, from Port Jackson. By E. P. Ramsay

F.L.S., Plat3 20 631

Notes on some of the Habits and Customs of Australian Natives in

Queensland. By De. J. C. Cox, F.L.S 633

Notes and Exhibits 469, 495, '629, 636

Annual Address by the President 638

Title Page, Contents, Index, &c. to Vol. V.

PROCEEDINGS

y

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY

OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

WEDNESDAY, JANUAEY 28th, 1880.

The President, the Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S.
&c., in the Chair.

MEMBER ELECTED.

Percival Pedley, Esq., Hunter's Hill.

DONATIOI^-S.

Memoires de la Societe Nationale des Sciences Naturelles
Cherbourg, 1878 ; from the Society.

From Dr. Bancroft, Brisbane. (1.) Diseases in Plants and
Animals. (2.) Microscope in our Garden. (3.) Fituri and
Tobacco.

From the President, a paper on a New Species of Millepora.

papers read.

Medicinal Plaints op Queensland.

By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., Cor. Mem. E.S. Tas., &c., &c.

Some time since I wrote a series of papers on the Medicinal
Plants of Queensland, which appeared in one of the country
papers of the colony. As the articles were addressed to the
general public, they were necessarily stripped of all technical

2 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

details, and much information of a scientific character was thereby
sacrificed. Since then, I have been enabled to extend my
observations in this subject and think it may not be unworthy of
a place in the proceedings of the Society, if I record all the
information I now possess. The utility of the subject will not be
questioned, and what is here given may serve to promote
investigation in this most practical part of the science of botany.

Looking at our Queensland Mora one is struck with the great
number of species, which are either identical with, or closely
related to those in other parts of the world, particularly India,
where a great many have been used in the healing art with more
or less success, as may be seen by reference to works on the
subject. I shall therefore go through Bentham and Mueller's
excellent work, the " Flora Australiensis, " and note all plants of
our indigenous or naturalized flora that are mentioned in such
works as Dr. Lindley's "Flora Medica " giving the properties
for which they are noted. It might also be well to direct attention
to a few plants, which probably contain medicinal qualities. Thus
in the Northern scrubs, several species of Tetracera, a genus of
Dillemacecu, are found climbing to the toj)s of the timber trees.
The Queensland species of this plant are all endemic and untried,
but the Brazilian species are used in the curing of certain
complaints. Brasenia peltata, Pursh., of NympliceacecB, a curious
water lily, which may be seen on a few of the ponds of still water
near Brisbane, will be easily recognised by the mucilaginous
substance which covers the young shoots, and its oval peltate
floating leaves. In America it is considered nutritious, probably
from the large-grained starch it contains. The leaves are
astringent, and have been employed in phthisis and dysentery.

Our beautiful pink water lily, Nelumhiiim sjjecio-nim, A\illd. is
not without uiediciual qualities, for we are told b}- Eudlicher,
that the milky viscid juice of the flower-stalks and leaf-stalks is
a remedy in ludia agaiust sickness and diarrhosa. The petals of

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 3

the flower are also stated to be astringent. The rootstock and
seed are used as food in China, India, and also in Australia.

Argemone mexicana, Tournefort. A plant of the Poppy family,
with thistle-like leaves and bright yellow flowers, now naturalised
in many parts of Queensland, is according to Dr. Lindley's
"■ Flora Mediea," called by the Spaniards " Figo del inferno," on
account of the powerful narcotic effects of its seeds, which are
stronger than opium. An emulsion prepared from them acts as
an anodyne and afterwards as a j^urgative. This effect is denied
by some, by others it is stated that the oil obtained from the seeds
is used in Nevis as a substitute for castor oil. In India the juice
of the plant is used in chronic ophthalmia, and in primary syphilitic
sores. The infusion is said to be diuretic, and to give relief in
strangury from blisters.

A tropical weed of the Caper family, Polanisia viscosa, DC,
common in Northern Queensland, where H. W. Stone, Esq.,
states it is used by the natives to relieve headache. It is used in
Cochin China as a counter irritant in the same way as sinapisms
in Europe, and also as a vesicant. In the United States the roots
are said to be used as vermifuge. The plant is covered with
viscid hairs, leaves of from three to seven leaflets, flowers yellow,
in terminal racemes, capsule long linear, containing numerous
wrinkled seeds.

suffruticosum, Griug., a plant of the order Violacece, from
one to two feet in height, having alternate, linear leaves, bearing
axillary filiform peduncles with a single small flower, all the
petals of which are minute except the lowest, which is often
lengthened to near half-an inch ; seeds beautifully marked with
longitudinal striae. This species is common throughout Queensland
also in Tropical Africa and Asia. In India the roots are used
medicinally in diseases of the urinary organs, the leaves as an
external application. Doubtless the other six species found in
Australia would be equally efficacious.

4 MEDICmAIi PLANTS OF|qTJEENSLAND,

Of Cochlospermum a genus of Bixinec^ there are five species in
Australia one of which is considered by Mr. Bentham likely to
prove identical with the East Indian C. gossypium from the stems
of which is obtained a gum, called kuteera, which is used as a
substitute for gum tragacanth, because of its viscidity. A
decoction of the roots of some of the Brazilian species is used
against internal pains, particularly those resulting from falls. In
the same parts, a decoction is said to cure abscesses. From the
roots of an African species a yellow dye is obtained, which is
called Fayar, used for dying cotton stuffs as well as in medicine
in cases of amenorrhsea. From the above one we might fairly
imagine our species to possess some medicinal virtues. The
greatly admired shade tree of the beach at Oardwell, belonging
to GuttifercB now well known by its botanical name of Calophyllum
inophyllmn, Linn., besides its value as a shade tree in the tropics
exudes from its trunk a greenish coloured resin called East Indian
Tacamahac. The seeds also yield a thick, dark-green, strong-
scented oil, employed in India for burning and also medicinally.
In India an oil is expressed from the seeds of C. tomentosum, a
tree according to Baron Mueller's ''Fragmenta Phytographise
Australia," also met with in the ranges about Eockingham
Bay.

The three following Malvaceous plants have been found useful
medicinally — Sida cordifolia, Linn. A coarse under shrub, more
or less clothed with velvety, often star-shaped hairs, and some-
what heart-shaped leaves borne on rather long stalks at the base
of which it produces its small yeUow flowers. This plant, like
our common Sida weed, to which it is closely allied, is met with
in most tropical countries. In India the leaves are mixed with
rice, and given to alleviate dysentery. The Queensland
habitat is Peak Downs, &c. It may not be generally known
that the ripe carpels of Sida rhomhifolia, Linn., the common Sida
weed of Queensland often cause the death of fowls that feed on
them, by the sharp terminal arms of the carpels irritating the

BY F. M. BATLET, F.L.S. 5

inside and causing inflammation. Eoots used in India as a
remedy for rheumatism.

Ahitilon indiciwi, G-. Don. A tall shrub with roundish toothed
leaves, softly downy, flowers yellow, capsule hairy, widely spread
in tropical Australia, Asia, and Africa, is used in India as the
maUow is in Europe, as an emolient.

TTrena lohata, Linn. A tall handsome shrub, with velvety
roundish obtusely-lobed leaves, and pinkish axillary flowers,
succeeded by carpels covered with hooked bristles. This shrub,
which belongs to the tropics of both the new and old worlds, is
commonly seen in Northern Queensland, and may be also met
with in some of the gullies of Taylor's Eange, near Brisbane.
In Brazil a decoction of the root and stem is used as a remedy for
the windy colic, and the flowers as an expectorant in dry and
inveterate coughs.

Ca/ra/pa moluccensis, Lam. A small tree with pinnate leaves of
two to six opposite leaflets of a coriaceous texture. It is found
on our tropical coast and is of crooked growth. The tree which
belongs to Meliacem is conspicuous from its large round shaddock
like fruit, which contain four to six large irregular-shaped seeds.
It is said to possess an extremely bitter principle. The seeds of
other species yield valuable oils. Our Eed Cedar is another
Meliaceous tree of value not only for its timber, but for its
medicinal qualities. Thus, under its botanical name, Cedrela
Toona, Eoxb., we find the bark spoken of as a powerful astringent
and though not bitter, is said to be a good substitute for
Peruvian Bark in the cure of remitting and intermitting fevers,
particularly when joined with a small portion of the powdered
seed of Guilandina Bonduccella, Linn., another of our plants which
will be noticed in its proper order. In Java, according to Dr.
Blimie the bark of this cedar is used with great success in the
worst epidemic fevers, diarrhoea &c. It has been also used with
advantage in dysentery, in the last stage when the inflammatory
symptoms have disappeared. Some consider it especially useful

6 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

in bilious fevers, and inveterate diarrhoea arising from atony of
the muscular fibre.

In the Buckthorn family we have two species of Zizi/jyTius, which
have been found useful in the healing art. Z. (Enoplia, Mill,
a straggling shrub, bearing sharp prickles and downy three to
five nerved leaves, and fruit the size of peas, black, edible. It
is said that a decoction of the bark of the fresh root j^romotes
the healing of fresh wounds. Z.jujuha, Lam. A small tree,
often planted in our gardens for its fruit, is, with the last found
about Cape York and on the islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria
in a wild state. Both are common in India, and of this last the
fruit there is prepared into pectoral lozenges called ''Patede
Jujube, " and the bark is emj)loyed in the Moluccas as a remedy
for diarrhoea. The -^yqHj climber Carcliospermum SaUcacahum,
Linn., called in Queensland Balloon climber, in other parts
Heartseed, or Heartpea from the heart-shaped scar on the seed.
In India the root is considered aperient, diaj)horetic and diuretic.
The plant will be easily recognised by its climbing habit, twice
ternate leaves, and bladder-like capsule, which resembles the
calyx, that encloses the fruit of the Cape Gooseberry.

SchnideUa serrata, DC, is a straggling shrub often met within
the swamps of Northern Queensland near the coast. The leaves
are of three leaflets and the berries bright red. The roots are
astringent and are employed in India, where the plant is common
to stop diarrhoea. These two last plants belong to Sapindacecu
the Soapwort family.

Leguminosae, one of the largest orders of Phsenogams is divided
into three sub-orders, all of which are well represented in
Australia. The known genera are a little over 400, examples of
about a fourth are found in Australia. To this order we are
indebted for very many useful and ornamental plants, but after
enumerating many of its products Dr. Lindley says: — ''There
is this, however to be borne in mind, in regarding the qualities

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 7

of the order in a general point of view, viz., that upon the whole
it must be considered poisonous, and that those species which
are used for food by man or animals are exceptions to the general
rule, the deleterious juices of the order not being in such instances
sufficiently concentrated to prove injurious and being in fact
replaced to a considerable extent by either sugar or starch."
This is verified in the first plant that will be brought into notice,
which by taking the tribes of the first sub-order Papilionacecd in
their proper order we find is Gastrolohium grandiflorum, F.v. Muell.
the Northern Poison Bush. This can scarcely be said to come
under the denomination of a medicinal plant, yet the active
principle which so sadly destroys stock, in the hands of a medical
man could doubtless be made to serve some useful purpose, and
it is to be hoped that before long attention will be turned to this
and a few other similar dangerous plants, and a careful course of
experiments carried out, which would be far better than a mere
analysis of the plants by a chemist The plant in question is
worthy of a j)lace in the garden from the beauty of its flowers ;
it grows to a few feet in height ; has opposite (or at times a few
alternate) leaves, which are usually oblong, obtuse, with a notch
at the end, and covered with close silky down. The flowers are
produced at the ends of branchlets in short racemes, and in colour
resembles the English Wallflower f Cheiranthus Cheri, Linn.).

Tephrosia purpurea, Pers., is a small straggling under shrub
with pinnate leaves and purple small flowers, the racemes of which
are usually opposite the leaves. There are several varieties of
this species ; the Brisbane form may be seen on the borders of
creek scrubs. A decoction of the bitter root is prescribed by
Indian doctors in dyspepsia, dysentery and tympanites.

Seshcmla grandijlora, Pers. A soft- wooded, rapid growing, small
tree of short duration, having long glaucous pinnato leaves of
often 20 to 30 oblong leaflets, common in India, found towards
our North-western boundary; is said to possess a powerfully bitter
tonic bark. The tree is of common occurrence in the gardens

8 MEDICINAIj plants of QTJEENSLAin),

around Brisbane ; its quick growth, large white flowers, and
graceful foliage causing it to be a general favourite.

S. ^gyptiaca, Pers., another sj)ecies of this genus found around
the Gulf of Carpentaria, and also in Asia and Africa, is said by
the Hindoos to possess the power of hastening suppuration when
applied as a poultice, which is simply made with warmed leaves
moistened by a little castor oil. The flowers of this species are
yellow and purple, borne in pendulous racemes.

S. aculeata, Pers., is much more generally met with in Australia
and although I find no medicinal properties attributed to it, yet
probably it would serve the same purposes as the last. It is also
similarly wide-spread in other countries ; its favourite habitat
in Queensland is on the borders of swamps. In Northern
Queensland, according to Mr. T. A. Grulliver, the natives make
bread of the seeds. I am of opinion that this is the true Nardoo
of the Cooper's Creek natives. The unfortunats explorers,
Burke and Wills, might easily have mistaken the sporecases of a
Marsilea for the shelled-out seeds of Seshania. Writing to my
friend Mr. Grulliver on the subject, he says : — ^^ I think it quite
possible that such a mistake was made by the unfortunate
explorers who first brought the ''Nardoo" into notice, more
especially as I find the natives here (Nonnan Eiver) do not seem
to care about the Marsilea seed, and as far as I have seen it does
not produce sufi&cient seed to make it worth collecting ; whereas
the Seshania is very prolific and can be gathered without any, or
rather, with very little trouble. This species has more numerous
leaflets than the last, the flowers are also smaller, with erect
racemes. The prickles are minute, or altogether wanting.

Sar denier gia monophylla, Benth., (Native Sarsaparilla). The
roots of this beautiful purple flowered twiner are used by bushmen
as a substitute for the true sarsaparilla, which is obtained from a
widely different plant. I cannot vouch for any medicinal
properties.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 9

Ahrus precatorius, Linn. A dull looking, slightly hairy twining
plant with leaves of from seven to ten pair of pinnae and racemes
of dull purple or pink flowers ; found rambling over the shrubs
of our tropical coast, also in the East and West Indies. In the
latter, the roots are used as a substitute for liquorice, and an
infusion much used as a diluent drink, may be prepared from
them. The seeds of which there are about four in a pod, are
of a brilliant scarlet with a black scar, and are used for many
ornamental purposes. These seeds at one time were considered
poisonous ; but on the contrary, it seems that they are sometimes
used as an article of food in Eg3rpt.

Sophora tomentosa, Linn. — Sea coast Laburnum. The roots and
seeds have been regarded as specifics in bilious sickness. The
whole shrub is covered with close silky hairs. Flowers, large
yeUow, in racemes like the Laburnum or Golden Chain of
European gardens.

In the second Sub-order Caesalpiniew, purgative properties
abound, and it might be well, considering we have many endemic
species of Cassias, to look among them for a substitute for the
Senna of commerce.

Cassia Ahsus, Linn. A small viscid plant about one foot high,
leaves of two pair of leaflets which are broadly obovate, and from
half to one inch long ; glands between the leaflets smaU, stipules
narrow. Flowers, usually in short terminal racemes, bracts
small reflexed. It is common to tropical Asia and Africa, and is
also found on our tropical coast. The seeds are extremely bitter,
aromatic and mucilaginous and it is said that they are brought
from the interior of Africa to Cairo under the name of Chichin
or Cismatau, and are regarded as the best of remedies for
Egyptian or purulent Ophthalmia.

Guilandina honducella, Linn. This is a large rambling shrub,
covered with hooked prickles ; found along our tropical and other
tropical coasts. The leaves are large, twice pinnate j pods short

B

S

10 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

broad, prickly, containing two or ttree large polished bluisli-grey
seeds, whicli are often strung into necklaces, bracelets, rosaries,
&c. These seeds have a bitter taste and are employed by Indian
doctors as a tonic and febrifuge. The specific name is said to be
derived from the Arabic *' Bondog," a necklace.

CcBsalpinia nuga, Ait. A plant of similar habit to the last is
found on some of the islands off our North-east coast with seeded
pods. It is said that the roots are used in decoctions for calculous
and nephritic complaints.

The third ^vih-ordiQv Mimoseae includes ^mm the most numerous
in species of all Australian Phsenogamous genera. The bark and
gums of many species are used to stop diarrhoea by bushmen.
From the flowers oi one, A. farnestana, Willd., called '' Dead-
finish " on the Darling Downs, a delicious perfume is distilled.
This species is common to the warmer regions of the new and
old world.

According to Dr. Wm. WooUs' '' Contributions to the Flora of
Australia," page 97, one of our Mosaceous -plsints, Ruhus parviflorus
Linn., has been found to possess some valuable medicinal
properties, but what those properties are is not stated.

Although the ordiQr MyrtaeecB to which we are now come furnishes
us with much valuable timber, it contains but few species from
which medicinal drugs were obtained by Medical men of the old
school. Of late attention has been turned to our Eucalypts, and
from some valuable medicines have been obtained. An essence,
with all the fragrance of the best Lisbon lemons was obtained
some time back by K. T. Staiger, Esq., the Government analytical
chemist, from the foliage of a species found on the Palmer River
of which no flower specimens have as yet been sent down, therefore
its affinity cannot be determined and it remains botanically
unknown. From another species E. eitriodora, Hooker, the same
gentleman has also obtained an essence which partakes of the
flavour of the citron. This latter tree is plentiful at Eockhampton,

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 11

A plant of the typical genus of Melastomacece, Melastoma
malahathricum, Linn., is very attractive in most Queensland
swamps from the profusion of its large open purple flowers and
prominently three to five nerved leaves. Is recommended in
cases of diarrhoea and dysentery ; the leaves are the part used.
The succulent fruit is edible, but dyes the mouth black, hence the
generic name.

Ammannia Indica, Lan. A plant of Lythrariece, found usually
on swampy land, is erect in growth with oblong or linear leaves
and flowers in small axillary clusters. Queensland habitat,
Endeavour Eiver and about Cooper's Creek. The whole plant
has a strong aromatic smell, leaves acrid, and commonly used by
the natives of India to raise blisters in rheumatic pains, fevers,
&c. The fresh leaves bruised perform their ofiice effectually in
half an hour. To this same order belongs Lythrum Salicariaf
Linn. The common purple Loosestrife of Britain enlivens with
its beautiful purple flowers many of our swamps. The whole
plant is astringent, and has been recommended in inveterate cases
of diarrhoea. It has also been used in tanning.

In Cucurlitace<B the order to which the Cucumber and Melon
belong, we have a few species which have been used in the
healing of various disorders. Thus Trichosanthes pahnata, Eoxb.,
in India where the plant is also indigenous, the fruit is pounded
and intimately blended with warm cocoa-nut oil, and considered
a valuable application for cleansing and healing the offensive
sores that sometimes form inside the ears. It is also supposed to
be a useful remedy poured up the nostrils in cases of ozaena. As
in India, so in Queensland, this plant climbs to the top of our
scrub trees. The flowers are large, white, and beautifully fringed.

The bottle-gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe., so plentiful
along our tropical coast, is said to be a dangerous poison. It is
said that some sailors were kiUed by drinking beer that had been
standing for some time in a bottle formed of one of these fruits.

12 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

Momordica bahamina, Linn. The Balsam Apple, common in
gardens, out of whicli it has strayed into some of our northern
scrubs ; has been said to be a dangerous poison, but in small
doses a hydragogue.

In the large order Compositce^ of which the Australian genera
is about 100, few species have been examined for medicinal
qualities. Baron von Mueller, the learned botanist of Victoria,
prepared a snuff from one of the forms of Myriogyne minutay Less,
one of our most common weeds some years back.

Eclipta alba, Hassk. The erect form so common near water
about the Brisbane Eiver, &c., is said to be used by the Brazilian
women to stain their hair black.

The rank growing Burweed, Xanthium strumarium, a plant
allied to the Bathurst Burr and now rapidly spreading over the
country is supposed to be very injurious to Stock, numbers having
died from feeding on the young succulent plants. Dr. Bancroft
is at present making experiments with a view to seeing if the active
principles contained in the plant cannot be put to some useful
purpose. This plant differs greatly from the Bathurst Burr or
Xanthium spmosuin, L. Its leaves resemble more the mallow and
it is destitute of prickles, except on its fruit.

Our indigenous Leadwort, Plumbago zeylamca, Linn., which is
identical with the garden plant F. capensisy is said to act as a
vesicatory, the fresh bruised bark of the root being used.

The pretty Pimpernel, Aiiagallis arvensis, Linn., one of the few
plants in our pasture belonging to Primulacece, is said to possess
very powerful properties. Three drachms of the extract of this
plant have been found enough to kill a dog ; it was found to have
inflamed the mucous membrane of the stomach. It has been
prescribed in epilepsy and dropsy. Samolus Valerandi, Linn. A
plant of the same order, found often near shallow running water ;
is said to possess a bitter principle.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 13

Cerhera Odallam, Goertn. A tree belonging to ApocynecB found
on our tropical coast, and not uncommonly planted in our gardens
where it flowers as a shrub. Of this the seeds are said to be
poisonous, but the milky sap has been used as a purgative and in
Java the leaves and bark as a substitute for senna.

Alstonia, another genus of Dogbanes of which there are several
species in Queensland — one A. constricta, F. v M., produces a
tonic now much used, and A. scholaris, B. Br., grows to a tree
of large size, the timber of which is said to be bitter as gentian.
In chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery, it has
proved valuable. It has also been found effectual in restoring
the tone of the stomach, and of the system generally, in debility
after fevers and other exhausting diseases. This is one of several
trees called white-wood about the Herbert Eiver.

In the closely allied order Asclepiadece the Eed-head Asclejnadece
curassavica, Lem., a plant of tropical America, now fast spreading
over the colony ; is used in the West Indies as an emetic, and
called Wild Ipecacuanha ; the root which is the part used, is also
purgative ; a decoction is recommended in gleets and fluor albus.

We have in Queensland two species of Strychnos, a genus of
LoganiacecG — one a rambling shrub with fruit of one inch or more
in diameter, somewhat orange colored, met with on the Walsh
Eange. This is Eobert Brown's S. lucida which is thought closely
allied to the well-known S. nux-voniica, Linn. The other has
much larger leaves and smaller fruit, and of almost climbing
habit. This species is Baron Mueller's S. psilos2)erma, a form of
which is plentiful in the scrubs around Eockhampton. It is to
be hoped that before long the fruit of these two plants wiU be
tested for medicinal properties.

Although some of our Gentianworts have a wide range in other
countries, none seem to have enjoyed any recantation as medicinal
plants, but in New South Wales two of this family seem to be
used, for Dr. Woolls, in '' Contributions to Flora of Australia,"

14 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

page 97, says : — " Two little plants of the Grentian Family common
enough in spring, the one with pink, the other with yellow flowers.
fJEJrythrcsa Aiistralisy'R. "Br., SiTid Sehcea ovata, R.Br.) are great
favourites with those persons who know the value of them, and
they have proved highly efficacious in certain stages of dysentery.
The pink one is generally called Centaury, and is the more
powerful and like the allied European species possesses all the
essential properties of the gentian of the shops, and although not
used professionally is a very valuable native medicine ; in places
where it grows it is carefully collected for use in rustic pharmacy."
A learned physician not a hundred miles from Parramatta was
so impressed with the efficacy of this little herb from noticing
the use of it amongst certain old women in his neighbourhood,
that he was not too proud to adopt their remedy and recommended
it to his patients. The first of these is very plentiful throughout
Queensland, but the latter has only been found in one locality,
(near Warwick) by Dr. Prentice.

Syd/rolea %eylanica, Yahl. A creeping herb of HydrophyllacecB ;
found about the Gulf of Carpentaria also in the East Indies and
America. According to Wight, the leaves beaten into pulp and
applied as a poultice, are in India considered eflB.cacious in
cleansing and healing ill conditional ulcers, particularly those
in which maggots have begun to breed. Leaves short, lanceolate
two inches long, smooth ; flowers dark blue in a terminal panicle.

Cordia myxa, Linn. A handsome tree of Northern Queensland
belonging to the tribe Cordiccd of BoragmecB. The species is also
dispersed over tropical Asia, from Ceylon to the Philippines.
The large fruited C. latifolia, Roxb., is a form of this species
with larger leaves and fruit. The Sebestens of the European
Matera Medica is the fruit of this tree. The bark is a mild
tonic, and used in India for astringent gargles ; and in Java as
the chief remedy in fevers ; the roots are thought laxative. The
Egyptian mummy cases were made of this timber, which is soft,
and supposed the best for kindling fire by friction.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 15

In this same tribe is also found the rather coarse herb
Trichodesma zeylanica, E. Br., an Indian plant common in many-
parts of Queensland. In India this with other species, is
considered diuretic, and one of the cures for the bites of snakes.
Baron Mueller recommends the plant as a fodder herb, saying
that the dromedaries of Mr. Giles' Exploring Party were found
to be particularly partial to it.

In the beautiful order of Bindweeds, Convolvulacece, we find
some of our indigenous species are still favourably spoken of as
Medicinal plants in other parts of the globe where they are also
met with. The roots of the order usually abound in an acrid,
milky juice, which is purgative, as for instance, the common
purge Jalap, and the stimulating cathartic Scammony. This
purgative property is said to depend upon a peculiar resin, but
with some this purgative resin is replaced by sugar or starch,
and the roots then become valuable articles of food, as in the
sweet potato. The first species to notice is Ipomcea paniculata,
E. Br., a large smooth twining plant with palmately divided
leaves, and showy purplish flowers ; found on most tropical coasts.
The thick fleshy roots of this species are said by Baron Mueller,
''Select Plants," to be edible and deserving of cultivation as a
food plant. But in other works the roots are said to be cathartic
and used as such in many places where the plant grows. The
Queensland habitat is from Pockingham Bay to Cape York. In
another of our native plants of this genus Ipomcea hederacea, Jacq.
the purgative qualities are in the seeds. The seeds are sold in
the apothecaries' shops of India under the name of ''Kala dana"
(Black Seed), and are said to be a quick and effectual cathartic.
The seeds are roasted like coffee, powdered, and administered in
doses of from 30 to 40 grains, in any convenient vehicle. This
plant, which is one of the most beautiful of the genus, is met
with in the tropics everywhere. The leaves are usually three-
lobed, and the flower a most delicate light blue ; large plants
may be seen in some of the gardens about Brisbane.

16 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

Iponicea Turpethum, E. Br. Anotlier large climbing species of
our tropical coast, and also of India. It is said that the fresh
bark rubbed up with milk is used in India as a purgative.
About six inches in length of the root as thick as the little finger
is reckoned a dose.

Tpomcea pes-caprae, Both. The species so commonly seen
trailing over the sandy beach from the Eichmond Eiver to Cape
York, with leaves on long petioles, broadly emarginate, the veins
of which are parallel. Peduncles long as leaves, bearing one or
two large pink flowers. It is used in Brazil to form a poultice
made with the boiled foliage in cases of scrofulous enlargement
of the joints.

The common Solanaceous weed Solamim nigrum, Linn., the small
black fruit of which is at times eaten freely by children under
the name of black currants without any ill effects, although at
other times it has caused dangerous sickness ; is a narcotic ; the
extract is said to possess the same power as lettuce opium. The
leaves have been used with advantage in dropsical affections. Its
action is diuretic and laxative.

Another plant of Solaneae, the Thornapple, Datura stramonium
Sim., which may be seen spreading over the colony, is a most
useful medicinal plant. It is a violent narcotic poison when
taken internally, acting fatally if taken in large doses, but a
valuable medicine in mania, epilepsy, convulsions, tic doloureux
&c. It palliates the distressing paroxysms of pure spasmodic
asthma when smoked, for which purpose the leaves are used. It
is also employed successfully as an external application, as an
anodyne and sedative in burns, haemorrhoids, irritable ulcers &c.
It would be well if some person living in the parts where our
endemic species D. Leichhardtii, F. v. M., grows were to forward
a quantity down to Dr. Bancroft, who has spent so much time in
testing the properties of our native plants that he might see what
its properties were. This species is said to be common on the
Gilbert, Comet, and Suttor Elvers.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 17

There are two of our indigenous plants of this order that will
doubtless before long be in great request. First, Duboisia
myoporoicles, E. Br. So far back as 1861 we find Eev. William
Woolls, F.L.S. , drawing attention to this tree, stating that it was
used by the aborigines on account of its toxicant properties ; he
says '' they make holes in the trunk and put some fluid in them,
which when drunk on the following morning produces stupor
also that branches of this tree are thrown into pools for the
purpose of intoxicating the eels and bringing them to the surface."
Dr. Bancroft has found that an extract from the leaves dilates the
pupil of the eye better than Belladonna, and in an article in the
Lancet, Feb., 15th, 1879, by Professor Soelberg Wells, F.E.C.S.,
on the use of Dr. Bancroft's JDuhoisia he says : — " A four grain
solution of duboisin produces a much more rapid dilation of the
pupil and powerful action on the muscle of accommodation than
a solution of atrophine of the same strength. The pupil in a
normal eye becomes dilated ad, maximum in ten to twenty
minutes, the accommodation (if there is no spasm of the muscle)
paralysed in twenty to forty minutes this lasting for three or four
days." The other B. Hopwoodii, F. v. M., furnishes the natives
of our Western Districts with their strong narcotic, called Pituri.
While the European genera of ScrophularinecB contains many
valuable medicinal herbs, the Australian genera seems to be of
little importance in medicine although a few are used as Herpestis
moimieria, H. B. and K., a small trailing plant with rather thick
fleshy, oblong leaves and white flowers. In India the expressed
juice of the leaves mixed with Petroleum is used for rubbing
parts affected with rheumatic pains. Another little shrubby
plant, bearing small white flowers, and leaves in whorls of three,
called Scoparia dulcis, L., is met with from Eockhampton north-
ward. Of this plant an infusion is used by the Indians in
Spanish America to cure agues. In Brazil the expressed juice
which is mucilaginous is employed as a cooling- drink. Perhaps
if properly examined our commoii swamp herb — QratiQla

18 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

pedunculata, E.Br., would be found to possess medicinal properties.
One of the genus in former times in Europe was called Gratia
Dei, on account of its medicinal properties, wKicli are said to be
bitter, purgative and emetic — poisonous in large doses. The
European species if abundant in tlie pasture, is said to be
dangerous to cattle.

Attention may be drawn to a small shrub of Myoporinece called
EremopMla maculata, E. v. M., or Native Euchsia, wbich. is
regarded as a poison bush, by some graziers, altbougb others
consider it quite harmless and with others of the genus, good
fodder bushes. The plant bears a profusion of handsome red
and yellow flowers, which should recommend it for garden culture
and as there seems a doubt of its properties it would be well to
have it examined for medicinal purposes. The shrub is abundant
throughout the Warrego and Barcoo.

Vitex trifolia, Linn. A shrub of VerhenacecB, having mealy-
white leaves of from three to five leaflets and terminal panicles
of pale blue flowers. Very common along our coast, and at one
time on the Brisbane River. In India where it is common the
small round acrid fruit is called ^^filfil burree " or wild pepper.
The leaves are said to be a powerful discutient and are employed
by the Malays to remove the boss. In other places the leaves
are given in decoction and infusion and form a cataplasm which
is applied to the enlarged spleen. To this order also belongs
the White Mangrove, Avicennia officinalis, Linn., a tree widely
spread over the warmer maritime regions of the new and old
world. The flowers of this tree are not very conspicuous, being
of a greenish yellow colour ; but the fruit which begins to
germinate before it falls, may be seen in great abundance along
the water's edge, and has somewhat the appearance of sprouting
broad-beans. The bark is used at Rio Janeiro for tanning. The
unripe seeds are used in India as poultices, and when ripe boiled
and eaten by the poor.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. l9

Few of our Lahiates have been tried for medicinal purposes,
yet many if examined would most likely be found to possess, if
not medicine, valuable fragrant oils for other purposes. Baron
von Mueller says that several of our mints yield oil of good
flavour and among them our common Pennyroyal, Mentha
satureioides, R. Br.

Valuable properties are ascribed by both native and European
doctors in India to various species of Oojmum. 0. sanctum, Linn,
the leaves of which in a dried and pulverised state are used by
the Bengal natives as snuff in the endemic affections of the nasal
cavities and are termed Peenash, is said to be an effectual means
of dislodging the larvae of flies from wounds. The Australian
plant is a narrow-leaved form of this species, and has a delightful
fragrance resembling anise, hence Baron von Mueller's name,
0. amsodoruni.

The common horehound, Marrulium vulgare, Linn., which has
become naturalized in many parts of the colony, is thought by
some to be beneficial to sheep. An extract of this herb is a
popular remedy for coughs and asthmatic complaints ; it is also
recommended in chlorosis and hysteria as stimulating and tonic.
The plant was once used in many diseases but scarcely at all now
except as a domestic remedy for chest complaints. An erect herb
of this order, plentiful in the Toowoomba and other swamps.
Lycopus Australis, P. Br, being nearly related to the English
Water Horehound, from which a black dye is obtained, it might
be well to try for a similar property.

The Chenopodiacece are chiefly of importance to us as containing
the highly esteemed fodder called salt bushes; but from the genera
Salsola and Salicornia, both salt marsh plants, large quantities of
soda might be obtained.

In Amarantacecd the order to which our garden Cock's-comb
belongs, we find many of our most troublesome weeds and one
of these, Amarantus viridis, Sim., is not without its use for besides

20 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QtrEENSLAKD,

a fair substitute for cabbage the leaves have been employed
externally with advantage as an emollient poultice. Another
weed of this order found very plentifully about Ipswich, called
Achyranthes aspera, Linn , easily known by its rigid erect spike
of spring -fruit, which are pointed downwards on the stalk, is
said to have been found useful in India in dropsical cases.
According to the Pharmacopseia of India the whole plant when
incinerated, yields a considerable quantity of potash, hence
its Sanscrit name Ap-amarga, i.e. the washerman, from the
cii'cumstance of the ashes being used in washing clothes. The
bitter and acrid leaves of Deeringia celosioides, R. Br., are used
against the measles in Java. This large woody straggling plant
of our scrubs can be easily recognised when in fruit by its bright
red currant-like berries.

The majority of the plants belonging to the Order Polygonacece
or Buck-wheats, are mere weeds, but still we are indebted to it
for some valuable products, for here we find the Buckwheat,
Ehubarb, &c. From one plant of the order a blue dye equal to
indigo is obtained. Various species of Rumex (Dock) whose
prevailing character is astringency, have been used as remedies
in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery for which our own kinds
might prove equally efficacious.

The common knot-grass Polygonum a/viculare, Linn., a trouble-
some trailing wiry weed, has emetic purgative fruit. This species
is not so abundant here as in the southern colonies, its place
however is supplied by the closely allied species P.pleleiuniy E.Br.
which probably possesses the same properties.

P. harhatum, Linn., an erect hairy species common to our creeks.
Is considered a diuretic at the Cape of Good Hope, and in India
an infusion of its leaves is prescribed to alleviate the pain of
severe colic. The leaves of P. hisjndum, H. B. and K., according
to Humbolt are used in South America as a substitute for tobacco.
This latter species Mr. Bentham thinks is identical with the large
species of our swamps P. orientale, Linn.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 21

Attention might be drawn to one native nutmeg, Myristica
insipida, E. Br. This forms one of the most handsome trees of
our North Queensland scrubs, and bears an abundant crop of
fruit, which are more oval than the nutmeg of the shops and not
so aromatic, but may possess some of its medicinal properties.
The true nutmegs are said to contain a volatile oil which renders
them stimulant. In small quantities they reheve flatulence and
and allay colicky pains, but in large quantities they excite the
cii'culations and act as narcotics. The bark of some Queensland
trees belonging to the order LaurinecB is in use for flavouring, but
oils in large quantities could be obtained from the fruit of
Hernanclia hivalvis, Benth., a tall tree common to the Brisbane
Eiver scrubs. This tree is readily known by the black nut-like
fruit being enclosed in large inflated involucels which are often
of a rich red color, the fruit is ten-ribbed, and so full of oil that
a single fruit stuck on a stick and lighted will give a good light
for two or three minutes.

Among our representatives of the dangerous order, EuphorhiacecB
or Spurgeworts there are fine timbers, useful fruits and some
which produce good dyes, and many of more or less use medicinally
Euphorlia Brummondii, Bois. ; a small, almost prostrate herb,
with oblong opposite leaves about a quarter of an inch long,
bearing small flower-heads in their axils, has lately been sent
from the Barcoo to P. E. Gordon, Esq., Chief Inspector of stock,
stating that several sheep had been poisoned from feeding on it.
And since then another gentleman has forwarded specimens of
the same plant to the Qiieenslmuhr newspaper, stating that an
infusion of the herb proves almost a certain cure in cases of chronic
dysentery and low fever.

Several species of our Ant ides mas bear edible fruit of more or
less value. A. Ballachjanum, Baill., the Herbert Eiver cherry is
by far the best. The fruit which in size equals that of large
cherries, is of a sharp acid flavour resembling that of the red
currant, which it also equals in colour when made into jeUy, and

22 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

as the European fruit is placed among medicinal plants on account
of its juice being grateful to the parched palates of persons
suffering from fever, it is surely not out of place to notice our
Queensland tree in these notes.

The bitter bark of PetalosUgma quadriloculare, F. v. M., or Emu
Apple, is often used as an astringent by bushmen. The bitter
principle contained in the bark is not considered of value by
medical men. The bark also contains a quantity of starch.

Phyllantlius simplex, E-etz. A small herb about a foot high,
with, while young somewhat flattened stems ; leaves small in two
opposite rows, flowers in clusters. The fresh plant mixed with
equal parts of cumin seeds and sugar and made into an electuary
is administered by the natives of India in doses of a teaspoonful
a day in cases of gonorrhoea. According to Eoxburgh the fresh
plant bruised and mixed with buttermilk is used as a wash to
cure the itch in children. This plant is met with throughout
tropical Queensland.

Croton. Several trees of this genus found in the Queensland
scrubs, furnish what is called Queensland Cascarilla Bark.

Aleurites molicccana, Willd., (Candlenut). A large txee often
met with along the Herbert Eiver, &c., is cultivated in some
countries for the sake of its nuts. The tree is too well known in
Queensland to need description as it may be seen in most of our
gardens usually under the name A . triloba, Forst. The kernels
when dried and stuck on a reed are used by the Polynesians as a
substitute for candles, and as a article of food in New Georgia.
These nuts resemble walnuts somewhat in size and taste. When
pressed they yield a large pro^Dortion of pure palatable oil, used
as a drying oil for paint, and known as country walnut and artist's
oil. In Ceylon it is called Kekune oil, and in the Sandwich
Islands, where it is used as a mordant for their vegetable dyes,
Kukul oil. In these Islands alone, about 10,000 gallons are
annually produced. The root of the tree affords a brown dye,

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 23

whicli is used by the Sandwich. Islanders for their native cloths.
According to the Pharmacapoeia of India, Dr. O'Eorke found
that in doses varying from one to two ozs., it acted as a mild and
sure purgative producing in from three to six hours, after injection
free bilious evacuations, its operation being unattended either by
nausea, colic, or other ill effects. It was found to approach nearly
the castor oil in the mildness and certainty of its operation, but
superior to it having neither taste or smell, and as producing its
cathartic action without causing any degree of nausea, whether
administered in emulsion or in the pure state.

In Baron Ferd. von Mueller's useful work " Select Plants for
Victorian Culture," a tree commonly met with in Queensland
is spoken of — " Mallotus philipinensis,^^ Mueller, Arg. Though
not of great importance this bush should not be passed on this
occasion, inasmuch as the powdery substance investing the
seed-capsules constitutes the kamala which can be employed
not only as an orange dye, but also as an anthelmintic remedy.
The Hindoo silk-dyers use it for an orange colour obtained by
boiling the kamalas with carbonate of soda. Dr. Lindley says
the root peldsthe same colour as the mealy substance around
the capsules, but he speaks of it as a scarlet colour. According
to Lennis, in one part of India this tree is called ' ' Corunga
Munji Maram," on account of the monkeys staining their faces
with the mealy substance which surrounds the capsules.

None of our naturalised plants have spread with greater rapidity
over the colony than the castor oil plant, Riciniis communis, Linn,
and if all accounts are true, few plants are of more value. Dr.
WooUs in " Contributions to the Flora of Australia," says: —
^^ Ricinus not only yields castor oil, but the leaves of the plant
have been successfully used by Dr. Pringle as a galactopoietic."
The doctor has reported two remarkable cases. The first one was
that of a women who from total absence of milk in one breast,
and a very limited supply in the other had lost two children in
succession in early infancy. By the application of the castor oil

24 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

leaves for about a week, tlie effect was truly astonisliing, for tlie
evil was remedied and the woman was enabled to rear lier cMldren
afterwards. The second case was that of a delicate lady, who
through the same simple application for three days was rendered
capable of suppljang the nourishment necessary for twins."
Baron Mueller in " Select Plants," says the seeds contain about
50 per cent, of oil, to obtain which for medicinal purposes,
hydraulic pressure should be employed and the seeds not subjected
to heat.

ia lucida, Endl., or Norfolk Island Blood wood, a large
tree, having dark green oblong leaves, and fragrant white flowers,
is abundant on the Main Range, Enoggera, &c. On the trunk
of this tree being wounded a large quantity of sap flows out,
which Baron Mueller says forms a beautiful red indelible pigment
without any admixture. The most dangerous of the trees of this
order found in Queensland is Exececa/ria agallocha, Linn., a small
tree with somewhat fig-like leaves, often met with near salt rivers
and swamps from the Brisbane northwards. The trunk abounds
in a most dangerous virulent acrid milk ; woodcutters upon whom
this juice has flown after a stroke of their axe, reported to
Roxburgh that it produced inflamation and ulceration. Eumphius
states that sailors who were sent ashore in Amboyna to cut timber
sometimes became furiously mad from the pain produced by the
juice that fell on their eyes, and that some of them altogether
lost their sight. The juice is a violent purgative.

The large climbing Peppermint, Piper Novcb hollandice, Miq.,
which may be seen climbing up the stems of our scrub trees like
ivy, has been found by Dr. Bancroft to contain in its stem an
aromatic principle which is likely to become valuable in medicine.

Aristolochia indica, Linn., a tall twining plant of Aristolochiacce
or Birchworts, is one of the many plants recommended as antidotes
to the bite of snakes. The root of this and other species are said
to be used as purgatives and vermifuges in India. Several species

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 26

of this genus may be seen in our gardens, where the singularity
of their flowers always attract attention.

The first Monocotyledonous plant met with in our flora is
Uydrocliaris morsusranm, Linn., the I^'rogbit of England and
Morene of the French. The leaves are spoken of as mucilaginous
and astringent. Here as in England, this is one of the prettiest
plants of our still waters. Leaves thick, heart-shaped, floating ;
flowers white, most abundant in March on the still waters off
Brisbane E-iver.

Ottelia alisinoides, Pers. A large aquatic of tropical Queensland,
in India is used as a pot-herb, and at one time seems to have
enjoyed some reputation for removing the effects of the venom
of the sea-dog. The leaves of this plant are often submerged
and six inches in diameter.

According to the Pharmacopaeia of India, the leaves of the
Banana are in common use in the Bombay G-eneral European
Hospital, for dressing blistered surfaces. For this purpose it is
stated a piece of the leaf of the required size, smeared with any
bland vegetable oil, is applied to the denuded surface and kept
in situ by means of a bandage. A pleasant soothing sensation
is communicated to the blistered surface which is found generally
to heal satisfactory in four or five days. For the first two days
the upper smooth surface of the leaf is placed next the skin and
subsequently the under side, until the healing process is complete.
An abundance of Banana plants either cultivated oi indigenous
is always to be obtained close to hand in Queensland.

No important medicinal properties have been detected in any
of our Orchids, yet a wholesome food might be prepared from the
thick starchy stems of several sjoecies.

Our species of Hcdmodorum a genus of AmaryUidece should be
tried for a red dye, which it probably possesses, similar to an
allied North American plant. The plant may be obtained in

26 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF QUEENSLAND,

quantities from most swampy places. The leaves are grass-like,
panicle of flowers upright, dense and of a dingy red colour.

A few of ouv Liliaceous plants seem to have been used medicinally
Smilax glycypJiylla, Sm., is the small sarsaparilla, found on our
coast, and easily known from the larger species of our scrubs by
the underside of its leaves being almost white. By some it is
called sweet tea. The infusion is said to be at first sweet, after-
wards bitter, and to have tonic and antiscorbutic properties.

Flagellaria indica, Linn., a tall climber, known at once by the
spirally twisted point of its leaf. The leaves are said to be
astringent and vulnerary.

The order Pontederacece, so far as known, is represented by a
single plant, Moyiochoria cyanea, F. v. M., which Mr. Bentham
considers very near M. vaginalis, Pr. Of this latter, Dr. Lindley
says it is emplo^'ed in Indian pharmacy in liver com^^laints, and
disorders of the stomach. Eubbed down in butter and di*ank, it
is thought to remove redness of the eyes, powdered and mixed
with sugar it is administered in asthma ; and when chewed it is
said to relieve toothache, brayed with milk it is given in fever,
and finally when young is eaten as a pot-herb. If so much virtue
is to be found in this East Indian sj^ecies, certainly our Queensland
plant should be examined. It will be met with in most of the
shallow still waters of tropical Queensland, its root-stock creeping
in the mud, leaves few on long stalks, flowers blue, seeds ribbed.

Cyanotis axillaris, Esem. and Schult. Is one of the Si)iderworts
of tropical Australia and India, in the latter place a decoction of
the plant is given in cases of tympanis.

A small rush. Luzula campestris, DC, met with in Southern
Queensland. The root has some reputation as a diuretic in Europe
and China.

The root-stocks of several plants of Aroidcod are used by the
natives for food after undergoing some preparation. The root-
stock of th.e common Bulrush Typha augustifolia, Linn., abounds

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 27

in starch. It is somewhat astring-ent and diuretic and is employed
in the east of Asia in dysentery, gonorrhoea, and the measles.
This well-known plant is abundant in the swamps throughout
the colony.

In the large order Cyperacece or sedges, several of our species
have been found to possess j)i^operties which have been taken
advantage of for healing disease, but none in a very high degree.
Thus the roots of Kyllinga triceps, Eolth., is said to be employed
in the East Indies in diabetes and as a stomachic, for which its
acridity combined with some aroma has recommended it.

The tubers of our pest the Nutgrass Cyperus rotund us, Linn.,
are said to be administered successfully in cases of cholera by
Hindoo practitioners. Sa'rjms lacustris, Linn., the Lake Club
Eush, is a tall rush found in many of our swamps, the root-stock
of which is said to be employed as an astringent and diuretic.

Remirea maritima, Aubl., a tropical sedge, often seen on our
tropical coast sands, which it helps to bind with its long creeping
stems ; is said to be a powerful diaphoretic and diuretic. Scleria
litliosperma, Willd., a hard white-seeded sedge of which we have
a form on the Brisbane Eiver, is supposed upon the Malabar
coast to have antinephritic virtues.

Gramineae or Grasses. This is undoubtedly the most interesting
and useful order of plants in the whole natural system, for from
it is derived the principal food for both man and beast, but few
of this large order have any reputation as medicinal plants. A
fragrant aromatic secretion is present in many of our Anclropogons
particularly in A. homhycinus, E. Br., A. sclicenanthus, var Martini
and A. refr actus, E. Br. This latter species I believe has been
generally looked upon as endemic, but some specimens were given
me a few months back by Mr. F. J. C. Wildash, which he had
gathered while in Japan, at a place where there was little
probability of its having been introduced. Elionurus citreus,
Munro, is another fragrant grass. From the roots of our common

28 MEDICINAL PLAINTS OF QUEENSLAlfD,

Couch, grass, Cynodon dactyl on, Pers., a cooling drink is made in
India, and a decoction of Eleusine indica, Greot., is also employed
in Demerara in the convulsions of infants.

The notice of medicinal qualities in our Cryptogamic plants ^ill
be brief, yet should not be altogether passed over, for we find a
few plants in this class which do possess properties of value, thus
Lycopodium phlegmaria, Linn., one of our pretty epiphytal club-
mosses is reputed an aphrodisiac, and Selminthostachys zeylanica,
Hook, a tropical swamp fern belonging to the Adder's tongue
tribe of ferns, is said to be regarded in the Moluccas as a slight
aperient and it is also used as a pot-herb. The fern has a short
thick, creeping root-stock from which only a single frond usually
rises, which is divided into three parts, each part being generally
much cut. The whole is of a succulent nature. It is also said
that the fronds of Poly podium phymatodes, Linn , are used in the
South Sea Islands for scenting the oil of the cocoa-nut. This
fine fern is of common occurrence on the banks of our northern
rivers, and seems to contain more fragrant oil than any other of
our Queensland ferns.

Little is as yet known of our mosses, but the general character
of the order Miisci is to possess a slight astringency and diuretic
property, I may mention that the genus most useful to the
horticulturist — Sphagnum, I saw a few years back in abundance in
a swamp near Maroochie.

Of our Lichens also little is known about their properties. Sticta
pulmonacea, abundant on the stems of the trees at Maroochie, is
used in Siberia for giving a bitter to beer, and in England is
employed under the name of Lungs of the Oak as a noui'ishing
diet for weak persons.

Farmclia perlata, and F. perforata, two very common Australian
lichens have been used in the form of a poultice in dropsical
affections, but there is much doubt about their value, it being
thought that the application of continuous warmth and moistui^e
by any other means would have been equally efficacious.

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S.

Of the beautiful and curious order Fungi, no species seems to
enjoy a reputation for medicinal virtues, yet it is rather remarkable
that while from Tahiti and other places, large quantities of a
species abundant in our scrubs, Hirneola auricula Judce, Fr., or
Jew's ear, are shipped to China to be there used in soup, no one
seems to have attempted collecting the article here. At one time
this curious fungus was a popular remedy for sore throats
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley says, probably from some fancied
resemblance of the hymenium to the fauces. From our Fungi as
also from our Lichens valuable dyes might probably be obtained.

0^^ Queensland Feens, with a desceiptiox of two new species.
By F. M. Bailey, F.L.S., &c.

As I am about to publish a work on the Australian Ferns, it
may be as well to bring before the Society a few of the changes
I propose making in the nomenclature with also descriptions of
the few new species which will be found therein. Thus all the
Doodiasl propose placing as forms under the one — D. aspera. E. Br.
The advisability of this will be patent to all who have had the
advantage of observing the close approach of the various forms
of the usually acknowledged two species B. aspera and J), caudata,
to each other. I shall in all cases retain old names, so that those
who may differ with me on this point will have no difficulty in
finding the fern required. Fteris rotundifolia, Forst., I propose
reducing to a form of F. falcata, E. Br., and although I retain
P. paradoxa, E. Br. I feel persuaded that tliis sj)ecies will before
long only be looked upon as another form of F. falcata. The
pretty fern Cheilanthes Sieheri, will also be retained as a distinct
form of C. tenuifolia.

ScnizcEA FoRSTEEi, Sprcug.

Ehizome short, scaly. Fronds three to nine inches high, glossy,
stipes light coloured, channelled ; the upper portion of frond

30 ox QUEEXSLAXB FEEXS,

clieliotomously divided into five segments, which are rather broad
for the size of the frond, glossy, and taper to a neck-like contraction
at the apex, thus giving a stipitate appearance to the fructification
which is composed of from four to six hairy pinnules, shorter than
£n S. cUcJiotoma, and placed digitato-pinnate, not pectinato-pinnate
as in that species ; spore-cases Liserial as in the other Australian
species.

When I first met with this lovely species it was growing at the
bases of the Palm trees at Maroochie, a very rich fern locality
in the Bunya Mountains, I then took it for a new species, but my
excellent and learned friend. Baron Mueller identified it with the
S. Fosteri, of Sprengel, and noticed it in the eighth volume of his
valuable work the 'Tragmenta Phytographia Australia," since
then I met with it at Trinity Bay growing in a similar manner
at, and amongst the roots of the Palms in very swampy localities.

Teichomaxes yaxdinexse, n.s.

Rhizoma filiforme dense intriccdum pileis ferrugi7iosis ]}lus minusve
indiitum ; frondihus hreve stipitatis ovatis vel cuneatis, marginihus
cequalihiis vel ])arum iticequalihus, frepandisj apice aliquando par urn
lohato 4 ad b"' . Venis magnis, pinnate costiformihus venulis numerosis
quasi striatis, venis marginalihus vel intramarginalilus coalescentihus.
Son's 1, 2, 3, apicalihus. Indusimi profunde situm hasim versus
attenuatum apice latum expansum, Receptaculum parum exsertum.

In truncis disjectis vel cortice arhorum valles fontosas, flumine
Maroochie, distridu Yandina dispersum.

Trichomanes yandinense, f new species J. — Ehizome filiform densely
and intricately matted and more or less clothed with ferruginous
hairs. Fronds shortly stipitate ovate to cuneate, the margins
even or slightly uneven (repand), the apex at times slightly lobed
four to six lines long. Veins pinnately costseform with regard
to the main ones, but between these are numerous striseform ones
with also a marginal or intramarginal one to which they all join.
Sori terminal, usually solitary at the apex of the perfect ovate

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 31

frond, but on some two or three, then giving a more truncate
appearance to the frond. Indusium sunk in the frond, attenuated
towards the base, the mouth broad, spreading. Receptacle
slightly exserted. On logs and tree trunks, Maroochie, ( Yandina)
situated about 80 miles from Brisbane on the Northern Eoad.

POLYPODIUM PALLIDUM, n. S.

RMzoma breve liorizontale, crassicm, squamulis 2}^^^i^is nitentihus
indutum; frondihia V ad 4' alt. hi-tri-jjinnatis, pinmdis major ihis \'
pmnulis secund. lanceolatis 2" ad 4", pinnidis minorihus llnearibus
oMusis 6"' ad 1" 6"', alihus costiilorum plus mmusve consfrictis. Venis
pmnatis. Sorts pane is vel \ 'It, par vis, ohscure fuscis ; sporulis hand
numerosis. Stipite hasim versus lato, pallido, pileis, vel squamulis
mollihiis, marcescentihus, induto. Polypodium undique plus minusve
pileis alhis glandulosis indutum. Ennogera Creeh prope Brisbane.

Rhizome short, horizontal, thick, clothed with bright glossy,
pale coloured scales. Fronds one to four feet high, stipes stout
at the base and clothed with soft hair-like scales, which soon fall
leaving the stipes glabrous and pale or glaucous as well as the
rhachis, bitripinnate, larger pinnae 1 foot or more long, secondary
pinnae lanceolate two to four inches long, pinnules linear obtuse
half to one and a-half inches long, more or less connected by the
narrow wing of the costa, the whole plant more or less covered
with white glandular hairs. Veins pinnate. Sori from a few to
fourteen on a lobe, when ripe the spore-cases often of a dark
colour, all small and usually few in each sorus. Found at
Enoggera Creek, near Brisbane.

There is not the least doubt but that this fern is a true
Polypodium although it seems in the Flora Australiensis to have
been placed with Aspidium tenericaule, Th. A mistake that might
occur from the examination of dried specimens, but never from
living ones ; the name used is appropriate, and the plant is most
likely identical with that of Bruckenridge, but none of his
authentic specimens are in the colony so there is some doubt on
this point.

32 ON QUEENSLAND FERNS,

POLYPODIUM ASPIDIOIDES, H. S.

Rhizomahorizontde, tenue, repens, Ireve. Fronde 12" ad 1% generatim
ovato-lanceolata fspeciminihus majoribus ovato-angulataj; stipite lonjo,
gracili sulcato, ad basim dense squamosa, squamis intense fuscis, ovatis
acuminatis, foliis bi-tri-pinnatis, pinnulce apice elongatce, superne
coriacem, nitentcR ; stipite et costulis pilosis; venis pinnatis extra
marginem dentibus acideatis terminatis. Soris mediatis. In ripas
umbrosas Brisbane fluminis abundans, foliis vel frondihus nitentihus
facile detectum.

EKizome horizontal, thin, shortly creeping. Eronds 12 to 18
inches long, usually ovate-lanceolate in the small form, but more
triangular-ovate in the larger, in outline, the stipes long, slender,
sulcate and densely covered at or near the base with dark brown
ovate acuminate scales, bitripinnate, the pinnae and lower pinnules
much elongated at the apex, the upper surface glossy, rhachis
and costules hairy. Yeins pinnate ending beyond the margin in
aculeate teeth. Sori medial. Eound abundant in the Brisbane
Eiver scrubs, and at once detected by the shining upper surface
of the fronds. This beautiful fern has been for a long time
confused with Lastrea acuminata, T. Moore, Aspidium acuminatum,
Hort., Aug., but from which it differs in the absence of indusia
and in the longer, more aculeate marginal teeth.

Yar. tropica. This form has been thought to be identical with
the species called by Blume F. rufescens. It differs slightly from
F. aspidioides in wanting the gloss on the upper surface of frond,
is less divided, often wanting the marginal teeth, being more
crenulated on the obtuse pinnules, the close, soft, pubescence
having also a reddish tinge, these variations might in a great
measure be due to climate. Eanges, Trinity Bay Queensland.

ACROSTICHUM NEGLECTUM, n.S.

Rliizoma squamosum, fiiscum, durum, Lomarice simillimum,frondibus
fertilibus et sterilibus 1' ad 3' alt. lanceolatis, profunde pinnatifidis,

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 00

segmentis angustis, linearihus, margmatis. Stipite frond, steril. dlihus
dentatis vel lohatis marginatis, segment, lanceolatis, serratis, dentilus
serratis vel aculeatis, long. 3" ad 6", lat. 6"' ad 9"'. Alos supradicfce
/at. 6"'. Venis ut in A. repandum.

In vallis perumirosis, Trinity Bay Range.

E-hizome creeping, scaly, dark coloured, hard. Fronds of two
kinds like a Lomaria, one to three feet high, lanceolate in outline,
deeply pinnatifid, stipes in the fertile frond more than half its
length, and bordered by a narrow wing, segments linear, joined
by the narrow wing of rachis, but not decurrent, one and a-half
to three inches long. Stipe of sterile frond half the length of
frond, bordered by a toothed or lobed wing to the base, segments
lanceolate coarsely serrated, teeth almost aculeate, and some again
serrate, three to six inches long, half to three-quarter inches
broad, joined at the base by the wing of rhachis which is about
half an inch broad, veins as in ^. repandum.

I met with this beautiful species in a close gully of the Trinity
Bay Banges, in May 1877. Dr. Prentice tells me that Mr. W.
Hill brought the same species from the North of Queensland
several years before, and that he saw while on a visit to England
a specimen of the same labeled in J. Smith's herbarium as A.
repandum, from which it differs widely, both according to the
diagnosis given in Hooker's '' species Filicum,''^ with which our
form of A. repandum perfectly agrees.

I forward typical specimens of the following : — Schizcea Fosteriy
Spreng. ; Trichomanes yandinense, fn.s.J ; Polypodium aspidioides,
fn.s.j also var. tropica, fn.s.J; and Polypodium pallidum.

On some Polyzoa from the Qtjeenslakd Coast.

By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc.

[Plates 1—3.]
Among a large series of Polyzoa which I obtained while at Port
Denison last spring, are many rare and som© new species, and of

E

34 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QTJEENSLAND COAST,

these the present communication is an account; Nearly all the
specimens were obtained with the dredge in a single spot close to
Holborn Island, an islet situated about twenty miles to the north-
east of Port Denison, and about forty to the westward of the
G-reat Barrier Eeef . Here the bottom at a depth of about twenty
fathoms seemed to be covered with little else than numerous kinds
oiPolyzoa, intermixed with species oiPlumulariidce and Sertulariidce
and a few shells. Many of the Pohj%oa are massive branching
forms, which, judging from the contents of the dredge and hempen
tangles, seem to grow here in great profusion, and are no doubt
in the act of forming by their gradual growth and decay more or
less extensive deposits analogous to the Polyzoa-beds characteristic
of the tertiary formations of South Australia and Europe. It
would be interesting to determine the extent of this remarkable
bed : bad weather prevented us doing anj^thing in this direction ;
it is unusual to dredge Pohjzoa in abundance at so slight a depth,
but no doubt the sheltering influence of the Great Barrier is a
sufficient explanation,^'' and it is not unlikely that a similar growth
may occur commonly within the Barrier at like depths, in situations
where the set of the current does not favour the deposition of
coral mud from the reefs.

I regret having been unable to obtain in Sydney some of the
the works bearing on the present subject ; I have particularly to
regret the want of D'Orbigny's ' ' Paleontologie Frangaise,"
Hagenow's ^'Bryozoen der Maestrichten Kreidebild," and the
" Natural History Eeview," the volume of which for 1858 contains
descriptions of various Australian Polyzoa by Prof. Sir Wyville
Thomson.

Unless otherwise particularised the habitat of the species is
Holborn Island, 20 fathoms.

* A similar abundance of Bryozoa has been recently noticed at a depth of 40
fathoms in the Mediterranean ; vide " On the Bryozoa of the Bay of
Naples," by A. W. Waters, F.G.S., Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist. (5) III.
p. 280.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 35

Sub-order Cyclostomata.

1. Orisia terrEe-reginse, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 1.

Cells 16 — 22 in each, internode, closely punctate, prominent,
the free portion inclined forwards ; mouth circular, entire ;
branches arising from the eighth to the thirteenth cell of the
internode ; joints black.

The free portion of the cell in this species is not so long as in
C, incurva ; the length of the internodes distinguishes it from the
other described Australian species. From C. elongata, M.-Edw., as
figured and described by Busk, is is distinguished chiefly by the
general habit, and the colour of the nodes ; from C. ehurneo-
(lenticulata, Smitt, to which it is also allied, it is distinguished by
the number of cells in each internode and the point of origin of
tbe branches.

2. Idmonea radians, Lamk

3. Idmonea milneana, jyOrligny.

A much more delicate variety than that met with in Port
Jackson, and having the mouths of the cells relatively larger.

4. Idmonea irregularis, Ilenegliini.

5. Idmonea marionensis, Husk.
Colour light purple.

6. Pustulipora delicatula, Busk.

7. Pustulipora proboscidea, U. Forbes.

8, Pustulipora australis, JBusk, var. ?

Resembles P. australis, in habit and in the form of the cells ;
but the summits of the papilla) are not black.

9. Pustulipora fragilis, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 2.

Zoarium very slender, sub-cylindrical, cells elongate, exserted,
curved outwards, separated by wide intervals ; the general surface
covered with numerous minute black-pointed spinules.

36 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

10. Pustulipora clavaeformis, Bush.

11. Eetihornera foliacea? MacGUlivrmj.
Hob. Port Denison ; a small fragment probably of this species.

Sub-order Cheilostomata.

12. Salicornaria tenuirostris, Busk.

I can find no avicularia on my specimens, but the close
correspondence in the form of the cells and the general habit
leaves little doubt of the correctness of the determination.

13. Nellia oculata, Busk.

14. Onchopora ventricosa, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 3.

Cells elongate, projecting a little at the oral end ; covered with
irregular granulations ; mouth with a shallow, open sinus in the
lower lip.

An ally of 0. mutica of Busk, (Q. Journ. Micro. Sc, vol. iii.,
p. 321, pi. iv., figs. 2, 3) but with the cells longer and less crowded.

15. Onchopora immersa, s/^. nov., Plate I., figs. 4, 5.

Zoarium dichotomously branched ; branches cylindrical ; cells
immersed ; surface ornamented with large pores.

16. Onchopora granulosa, sp. nov.
Cells short, ventricose, cell-wall granulated, mouth not produced,
with a shallow sinus in the lower lip.

Distinguished from 0. ventricosa, by the greater shortness of
the cells, and the closeness of the granulations on the surface.

17. Cabarea rudis, Busk.
18. Cabarea lata, -SwsX*.

19. CeUularia cuspidata. Busk, var.
The spine on the upper and outer angle of the cell is extremely
short and blunt.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 37

20. Scrupocellaria cervicornis, Busk.
A small scrap, seemingly of this species, from Holborn Island.

21. Scrupocellaria diadema, Busk.

22. Scrupocellaria Macandrei, Busk.

23, Scrupocellaria clypeata, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 6.

Cells elongate, narrow, provided with a pedunculate operculum
which is long and narrow, extending much further in front of
the peduncle than behind, pointed in front, broader and truncate
behind; aperture ovate, margin prominent, armed above with
two small spines.

24. Scrupocellaria obtecta, sj). nov.

Cells provided with a large operculum covering the greater
part of the front of the cell, and occupied by a system of branching
canals of which the central one is much broader than the others.
A sessile avicularium on the inner side of the summit of each cell ;
no marginal spines. Ovicells punctate.

Distinguished from S. cervicornis by the greater size of the
operculum and its attachment by a broad base, and the absence
of marginal spines.

25. Halophila Johnstoniae, Gray.
26. Carbasea episcopalis, Busk.

27. Carbasea cribriformis ? Busk.

If the present species is identical with that described by Busk,
he can only have had under examination a small fragment, as he
makes no allusion to the very remarkable habit of the species,
beyond noticing the cribriform structure of the fronds. The frond
is wound spirally around an imaginar}^ axis, the breadth decreasing
in successive whorls ; the size of the whole structure is sometimes
very considerable.

38 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QtTEENSiAND COAST,

28. Membranipora Eosselii, Audouin,
Eab. Holborn Island, 20 fathoms ; Port Denison, 5 fathoms.

29. Membranipora Lacroixii, Savigny, fsp.J
Worn specimens, apparently referable to this species, from
both Holborn Island and Port Denison.

30. Membranix3ora magnilabris, Bush.

31. Membranipora cervicornis, S2). nov.

Cells oval, margin but little raised, aperture protected by three
to five closely approximated, brandling, antler-like process, which
arise from one side of the cell and almost entirely hide the mouth ;
a strong vibraculum placed as in M. pilosa on the front wall of
the cell below the mouth.

Eah. ?

32. Biflustra armata, sj). nov., Plate I., fig. 7.

Zoarium rigid, free, folded on itself. Cells very large, their
walls thick, defined by a narrow ridge which is most prominent
above. Usually a small, pointed avicidarium on the upper part
of the cell-margin at the side of the mouth.

This species is distinguished from JB. delicatula, Busk (Crag.
Pohj%oa, p. 72. pi. i., figs. 1, 2, and 4), chiefly by the presence of
the avicularium and the absence of the serrate denticle.

33. Biflustra crassa, sp. nov., Plate I., fig. 8.
The cells are somewhat irregular in size, oblong, surrounded
by a narrow rim, free from any trace of avicularia ; the membrane
punctate.

34. Lepralia raalusii, Audouin, (sp.)

Kah. Port Denison, Holborn Island, etc., commonly distributed
on the Australian coast from low-water mark to a considerable
depth.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 39

35. Lepralia pertusa, Esjper. fsp.J

36. Lepralia (ScMzoporella) sp. ?

Cells sub-ventricose, separated by narrow, raised lines ; mouth,
sub -quadrate, surrounded by an inconspicuous rim, a small sinus
in the lower lip, and an avicularium on one side above the mouth ;
anterior surface covered uniformly with round pores. Colour
brown.

A species so common on the Australian coast that, though I am
unable to identify it with any of the described species known to
me, I hesitate about giving it a specific name.

37. Lepralia spinifera, Johnston, var ?

Cells immersed, slightly ventricose, uniformly ornamented with
large j)unctations, a small avicularium on either side of the
mouth ; no spines.

38. Lepralia irregularis, sp. nov., Plate II., fig. 1.

Cells immersed, not defined; surface ornamented with very
irregular, wide fenestrae. Mouth of irregular shape. Colour
light purple.

39. Lepralia (ScMzoporella) Quadlingi, sp. nov., Plate II., fig. 2.

Cells immersed, not distinctly separated, cell- wall covered with
small, somewhat irregular, pentagonal reticulations. Mouth with
an open sinus below ; ovicell indistinctly reticulated.

40. Lepralia (Schizoporella) assimilis, sp. nov.

Cells ovate, ventricose, surface granular ; a raised avicularium
on each side at the top of the cell close to the mouth ; mouth with
a narrow sinus in the lower Kp. Ovicells globose, uniformly
granular.

Allied toX. spinifera, Johnston, but distinguisbed by the absence
of the characteristic sculpture on the ovicell.

40 ON SOME POLYZOA FKOM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

41. Lepralia Mortoni, sp. nov.

Cells ovate, ventricose, cell-wall uniformly punctate, a single,
vertically placed avicularium (with the apex downwards) a little
below the mouth. Mouth sub-circular with a slight raised margin.
Ovicells uniformly ornamented with ocelliform markings. On a
sheU.

42. Lepralia lunifera, sp. nov.

Cells ovate, slightly ventricose, uniformly covered with minute
granules. A semilunar aperture in the middle of the cell-wall
behind the mouth ; mouth semicircular, an avicularium at each
angle. On a shell.

43. Lepralia (Schizoporella) Gandyi, sp. nov.

Cells hexagonal in outline, ventricose, separated by depressed
lines. Cell- wall hyaline, ornamented, except in its central portion,
with small ocelliform markings. Mouth semi-circular, a deep
sinus with a contracted orifice, in the lower lip. Ovicells globose,
sub-granular.

.44. Cellepora pumicosa, Linn.

45. Cellepora fusca, Bush.

46. Cellepora laevis, sp. nov., Plate II., figs. 3 and 4.

Zoarium consisting of thick sub-cylindrical, sometimes anas-
tomosing branches. Cells smooth, j)orcellanous, some prominent,
ventricose, others immersed, the mouth devoid of rostrum or
projecting rim; no avicularia ; ovicells galeate, reticulate, with
a large aperture ; two small circular marks on each of the opercula
and the lid of the oviceUs.

47. Cellepora granulosa, sp. nov.

Zoarium branched, the branches sub-cylindrical. Cells
irregularly aggregated, ventricose, coarsely granular. Cell-
aperture circular, margin thick, produced on one side into a blunt

BY W. A. HASTTELL, M.A., B.SO. 41

rostrum. An ovate avicularinm on the inner aspect of th e rostrum
and others of various sizes and shapes scattered over the zoarium.

48. Eschara hexagonalis, sp. noi\, Plate III., figs. 1 and 2.

Branches narrow, strap-shaped. Cells hexagonal, separated
by a distinct depressed line, punctate or smooth. Mouth nearly
circular, a round aperture below it ; cell- wall bulging below, the
prominence armed with a narrow pointed avicularium.

49. Eschara umbonata, sp. 7wv., Plate II., figs. 5 and 6.

Cells not defined ; mouth varying in form, the lower lip some-
times straight, sometimes with a small sinus, sometimes with a
rounded central lobe. Surface ornamented with numerous rounded
knobs of various sizes, and small scattered avicularia. [Small
pieces only].

50. Hemeschara australis, sp. nov., Plate II., figs. 7 and 8.

Zoarium branching, arborescent. CeUs oblong, defined
anteriorly by narrow raised lines, scarcely separated laterally ;
surface uniformly punctate. Mouth surrounded by an obscure
raised rim which is beaded below ; an open sinus, in the lower lip.

51. Petepora cellulosa, Jameson, (sp.)
Hal. Port Denison ; Holborn Island.

52. Yincularia novse-hollandiae, sp. nov., Plate IH., fig. 3.

Zoarium dichotomous, branches sub-compressed. Cell oblong,
surrounded by a finely-beaded raised rim ; mouth circular ;
anterior surface of cell, granular, much depressed near the mouth
and perforated in that situation by two large ovate apertures
which are sometimes closed by a thin membrane.

53. Conescharellina ? depressa, sp. nov., Plate III., fig. 4.
Zoarium depressed-conical, with toothed edges formed by the

projecting outer ro^ of cells. CeU-aperture oyate — the long axis

F

42 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

radial — surrounded by a prominent margin — especially prominent
in the outermost row of cells. Large, sessile, sub -triangular
avicularia situated between the rows of cells, and at irregular
intervals shallow circular depressions, (vibracular pits) at the
bottom of each of which is a narrow semilunar slit, with the
concavity directed outwards. Under surface of the zoarium flat,
perforated by close-set circular pores, each occupied, either at the
surface or at a varying depth, by a thin, translucent covering,
perforated by several minute porules, usually with a rather larger
one in the centre.
Hal. Port Denison.

54. Conescharellina conica, 5j;. nov., Plate III., figs. 7 and 8.

Zoarium conical, much elevated. Cell-apertures and avicularia
in alternate, radiating rows ; cell-apertures circular or oval, with
a projecting lip on either side. Avicularia raised, triangular;
upper (movable) mandible with the apex usually more or less
produced.

55. Selenaria maculata. Bush.

56. Selenaria fenestrata, s/;. nov.

Differs from the preceding in the presence of two small f enestrse
on the wall of each cell.

57. Sphaeropora fossa, gen. et sp. nov., Plate III., figs. 5 and 6.

Zoarium sub-spherical, slightly depressed, with a circular pit
at the upper pole ; whole surface occupied by cells. Cells and
vibracular pits very irregularly arranged ; cells ventricose,
granular ; mouth semicircular ; a secondary aperture, larger than
the mouth and of similar form, occupied b}^ membrane.

The most remarkable point about this curious species is the pit
at its upper pole. This is alwaj's present and in +he same position ;
it is large enough to admit the point of an ordinary stout sewing
needle, (being about '75 mm. in diameter at the mouth), and

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.SC. 43

penetrates about lialf the thickness of the zoarium, gradually
narrowing as it descends.

58. Myriozoum australiense, sp. nov., Plate III., figs. 9 — 11.

The extra-opercular portion of the cell in this species is very
prominent, and displays a little below the mouth a rounded
aperture. The margin of the mouth is crenulated, and there is a
rather prominent, bifid lower lip. The operculum is situated
deeper than the level of the general external surface of the
polyzoary. The cells are separated from one another by delicate
radiating partitions, and the breadth of each is circumscribed in
the older and thicker branches of the polyzoary by delicate semi-
transparent lamellae, which extend from the outer wall, just below
the operculum of the cell downwards and inwards so as to cut off
an internal and an external chamber, the former dilating upwards
and occupied by the polypide, the latter empty. In the younger
portions of the polyzoary the radiating septa sometimes meet in
the centre ; in the older portions in which the number of cells in
each whorl is greater, there is a central axial canal within the
walls of which the septa do not extend ; towards the upi^er end
of each internode in the neighbourhood of the thick nodal
transverse septum, this central canal becomes divided into a series
of minute canaliculi. The number of cells in each whorl varies
from six to ten.

Sub-order Ctenostomata.

59. Amathia convoluta, Lamx.
Hob. Port Denison and Holborn Island.

Explanation of Plates.

Plate I.

Fig. 1. — Crisia terrcB-regwcB, magnified 20 diameters.
,, 2. — Pusttdipora fragils, magnified 20 diameters.
,, 3. — Oncliopora ventricosa, magnified 44 diameters.

44 ON SOME POLYZOA FROM THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

Fig. 4. — OncJiopora immersa, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 5. — The same, natural size.

^^ 6. — Scrujpocellaria dypeata, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 7. — Biflustra armata, magnified 20 diameters.
,, 8. — Biflustra crassa, magnified 20 diameters.

Plate II.
Fig. 1. — Lepralia irregularis.
,, 2. — Lepralia Quadlingi, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 3. — Cellepora l(Bvis, natural size.
,, 4. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 5. — Eschara umlonata, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 6. — The same, natural.
,, 7. — Semeschara australis, natural size.
,, 8. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.

Plate III.

Fig. 1 . — Eschara hexagonalis, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 2. — The same, natural size.

,, 3. — VincularianovcD-hollandicd, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 4. — Conescharellina f? J clepressa, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 5. — Sphceropora fossa, natural size.
,, 6. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 7. — Conescharellina conica, natural size.
,, 8. — The same, magnified 44 diameters.
,, 9. — Mgriozoum australiense, natural size.
^^ 10. — Transverse section of the same just below an internode,

shewing on one side the oblique internal dissep'-

ments ; magnified 44 diameters.
^^ 11. — External portion of a cell of the same, magnified 44

diameters.

45

Description of a new species of Galaxias from Mount

AYiLsox, with remarks on the distribution of the Genus.

By William Macleay, F.L.S., &c.

Galaxias Coxii,

B. 7. D. 10. A. 11. y. 7. P. 12.

Height of body one-sixth, of the total length ; length of head
about one-fifth of the same. Head broad and depressed between
the eyes. Eyes about one-fifth of the length of the head, and
less than haK their diameter distant from the mouth. Mouth
large and slightly oblique, the maxillary extending to below the
middle of the orbit. Teeth in the jaws in a single row, acute,
rather distant and interspersed with a few of larger size ; those on
the palate in a series of about seven on each side of a central
longitudinal ridge, and those on the tongue in two series of strong,
acute, slightly hooked teeth, five or six in number, separated by
a very deep longitudinal groove. The pectoral and ventral fins
are about the same length, and have a pointed look owing to the
middle rays being the longest ; the dorsal and anal are about
equally long, the latter commencing opposite the middle of the
former ; the caudal is truncated and is rather broad and spreading.
The colour in the fresh specimen is greenish olive, spotted all
over with dark drown, the spots towards the tail sometimes
coalescing so as to look like ''fasciae," the belly is yellowish,
there is a large oblong black spot behind the operculum just
above the base of the pectoral fin. All the fins are of a beautiful
reddish-pink colour tipped with black.

Three specimens, seven inches long.

I am indebeted to the Honble. E. K. Cox, M.L.C., for the
specimens from which the above description is taken. They were
taken by him from a small rivulet on or near the smnmit of
Mount Wilson. The height of the mountain is about 3,500 feet

46 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OP GALAXIAS,

above the sea, and the rivulet takes its rise in a spring on its
summit, and forms, in its short course before it leaps into the
Grose YaUey, lying about 2,500 feet below, a series of small shady
cool pools, at different elevations, which are the abodes of this
fish. The species has never, I believe, been found in the Grose
River or any of the tributaries of the Nepean and Hawkesbury,
and I think we may safely take it for granted that it is not to be
found in them, as the Nepean and its tributaries were very closely
searched some years ago by Mr. Krefft, when investigating the
fresh water Fishes of Australia.

The fall into the Grose Valley may probably be too precipitous
to admit of even the ova of the Fish reaching the river in safety,
but there is another mode of accounting for the absence of this
Fish in the lower portions of the stream in which they have been
found, and that is in the difference of temperatiu-e. The difference
between the shady pools on Mount Wilson and the exposed and
shallow pools of the Grose or Nepean Eivers must be immense,
and it may well be, that the Fish cannot survive the great
change of temperature. The genus Galaxias is in this respect
very remarkable. It is peculiar to the rivers flowing into the
Pacific south of the tropics, and apparently becomes more
abundant as the colder latitudes are reached. It is rare in the
rivers of New South Wales, more abundant in Victoria, stiU more
so in Tasmania and New Zealand, and is found in the rivers of
southern Chili, Magellan Straits, and the Falkland Islands.

The species described up to the present time are as follows : —
G. alepidotus, Forst., Cuv. and Eichards=i^or5^^;-/, Guv. and Val.
New Zealand.

,, truttaceus, Cuv. and Val., Eichards. Van Diemens Land.

,, olidus, Gunth. ? Queensland.

,, fasciatus, Gray, Cuv. and Val., Eichards, = Jro^^/iws and
reticulatus, Eichards. New Zealand and Auckland Islands.

,, attenuatus, Jenyns, Cuv. and Val.,=.sc;r/3f^ and macidatus,
Eichards. New Zealand, Van Diemens' Land, Falkland
Islands and the Southern parts of Chili.

BY W. MACLEAY, E.L.S. 47

G, Krefftii, Gunth., Cat., p. 211. Sydney, Murray Elvers.
scriha, Ouv. and Yal. Port Jackson.
maculahis, Jenyns, Cuv. and Yal. Tierra del Fuego.
alpimis, Jenyns, Lakes, Tierra del Fuego.
punctatus, Gunth., Cat. p. 212. Eastern Creek, N. S. Wales.
hrevi'spinis, Gunth.. =(/ra7id is, Yon Haast. Lakes Coleridge

and Guyon, N. Z.
gracillimus, Canest. Chili.
Waterhousei, Krefft. South Australia.
ocellatus, Casteln. Eiver Yarra.
versicolor, Casteln. In Marsh St. Kilda, Melbourne.
cylindricus, Casteln. Lower Yarra, Melbourne
delicatuhis, Casteln. Yarra Eiver.
amcenus, Casteln. Yarra Eiver.
ornatus, Costeln. Cardinia Creek, Yietorian.

These in addition to the one fCoxiiJ now described are all that
can be recognised as species with any certainty. Three others
have been named as coming from South Australia — G. ohtusa and
rostratus, by Klunzinger in the ''Arch fur Natur," 1872, p. 41.
and G. Schombergii, by Peters in the '' Monalth. Ak. Wiss.
Berlin," 1868, p. 455, but as these publications are not procurable
here, and as the authors alluded to have not thought it necessary
to send a copy of their Papers to any of the scientific Societies of
these Colonies, they cannot be aggrieved if they find their work
necessarily ignored.

The species I have now described is the largest I have seen,
but I have no doubt that an examination of the rivers rising in
the Snowy Mountains, such as the upper waters of the Snowy
Eiver would make us acquainted with even larger species.

The general name given to all the species of Gdlaxias is ''Trout,"
more I should think from their spotted appearance than from
any actual resemblance, but like the trout they are good for the
table, and I feel pretty confident they would yield good sport to
the angler.

48

On two hitherto ukdescribed Fishes well-known in the
Sydney Market.

By William Macleay, F.L.S., &c.^

The enquiry now being conducted by tlie Fisheries Commission
of which I am a member, has revealed the rather remarkable
fact that two of the best known and most highly prized of the
marketable fishes of these seas, have hitherto entirely escaped the
notice of Ichthyologists. They are :

1. Otolithus Teraglin.

D. 10 1/30-32. A. 1/8, L. lat. 70.

Height of body nearly one-fifth of total length, length of head
one-fourth of the same. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper,
maxillary extending to behind the vertical from the posterior
margin of the orbit. Teeth acute and slightly recurved, but
without canines or larger teeth. Eye large, one-eighth of the
length of the head, and distant about two diameters from the
point of the snout. Prseoperculum rounded at the angle, and
distantly denticulated. Pectoral fins pointed, and more than half
the length of the head, with a large skinny flap in the upper part
of the axil. Soft dorsal with a scaly sheath at base ; caudal fin
broad and slightly emarginate. Colour bluish-silvery, lighter on
the belly ; all the fins of a dark tinge excepting the ventrals,
which are white with the space between the first and second rays
black.

This fish is abundant on our coasts, and attains a very
considerable size — three or four feet in length. It is known to
the fishermen as the " Teraglin," and I have made that its specific
name. It belongs like the ''Jew Fish" Scicena antarctica, of
Castelnau, to the Scicenidce, a family said by Dr. Gunther to be
iinknown in Australia.

by w. macleay, f.l.s. 49

2. Syxaptura nigea.

D. 57. A. 47. 0. 14. L. lat. 77 on the body.

Height with fins, two-thirds of total length. Mouth about
equally developed on both sides, with numerous short cutaneous
filaments, extending on the blind side over a large portion of the
head. The upper eye very slightly in advance of the lower, and
about two diameters of the orbit apart from it. The pectoral fin
on the right side a little less than one-third of the length of the
head, that on the left side a little smaller. Scales firm and hard
their apices glassy-looking and armed with seven or eight acute
points, on the right side ; those on the blind side of the same
form and size, but not so strongly armed, and of an uniform
yellowish- white. The colour on the right side is black, the glassy-
looking apex of the scales giving it a greyish hue, the left side is
entirely yellowish- white. The vertical fins are tij^ped with white.

This is the best of our Flat Fish. It is generally called the
" Sole," (though that name is often given to other species of the
FleuronectidceJ and is abundant at the proper season in Botany
Bay at the mouth of Cook's Eiver. It is also found in Port
Jackson. The average size of an adult fish is about 10 inches in
length, by six in height.

NOTES AXD EXHIBITS.

J. Brazier, Esq., C.M.Z.S. etc., exhibited five proof sheets of
Brachiopoda, from the new species obtained by H. M. S.
'' Challenger." Also '' The Zoology of the '' Magenta "."

Mr. Masters exhibited specimens of Puffinus gavius and Arses
telescoptlialmus ; both new to the Australian Fauna, and a Monkey
from Borneo, (Nasicus larvatusj sent to the Hon. W. Macleay by
Count de Lansberge, Grovernor General of Netherlands India.

Mr. Palmer exhibited some palms and other plants brought
from Lord Howe's Island by Mr. Armstrong.

/

50 ON" SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH "WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

WEDNESDA.Y, FEBEUAEY 25th, 1880.

The President, the Eev. J. E. Tenison-AVoods, F.G.S., F.L.S.,
&c., in the Chair.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

The Eev. Benedict Scortechini, Logan Eiver, Queensland, and
James Garland, Esq., AVagga Wagga.

DONATIONS.

Philosophical Society of South Australia, Transactions and
Proceedings for 1879.

Mitthelungen aus der Zoolog. Station zu Neapel.

Eev. Dr. Woolls — Lectures on the Vegetable Kingdom.

The President — Three Vols. Horticultural Magazine, Papers
and Proceedings of the Eoyal Society of Tasmania, Nos. o and 8
of the Natural History Eeview.

papers read.

On some of the Fungi of New South Wales and Queensland.

By Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., L.S.'&c, &c.. President

of Linn. Soc, N.S.W., and F. M. Bailey, F.L.S. , Cor. Mem.

E. S. Tas., &c., &c.

Whatever attention has been paid to the botany of Australia
by such illustrious and eminent scientific men as Eobt. Brown,
Hooker, Bentham and Baron Mueller, we must admit that there
are some departments of the science which have been comparatively
neglected. These are notably the Mosses, Lichens, and Fungi.
The latter have never been approached in a sjstematic manner
by any author, A list was published in the Journal of the
Linnean Society in 1873, Vol. XIIL, p. 155, by the Eev. J. M.
Berkeley, which dealt with specimens sent to Europe from time

BY REV. J. E. TEXISON-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 51

to time by Baron Mueller, Dr. E. Schomburgck, Dr. WooUs, 0.
Moore, &c., &c. This list formed with, that given in Hooker's
Tasmanian Flora our only Australian literature on the subject.

For some years past one of us (Bailey) has devoted some
attention to collecting fungi in Queensland. These have been
regularly forwarded to 0. E. Broome, of Bath, a notable authority
on the Order, who with the Rev. J. M. Berkeley has already
published a paper in the transactions of the Linnean Society of
London, containing about one hundred species, several of which
are new. Another paper by the same authorities is in course of
preparation, which will be found to contain a far greater amount
of novelties — but while one of us has been working up the
Queensland species the other has taken advantage of many
opportunities for observing, collecting and classifying specimens
of this most interesting order in New South Wales. We
purpose therefore to furnish a contribution to Australian Mycology,
and so far as possible to popularize the subject with a view to
stimulate enc^uiry. To accomplish this, we shall give short
notes on the genera and the more remarkable species. Thus
it is hoped that they will for the most part be easily recognized
without recourse to an extensive library.

Before proceeding to the enumeration of such species as we
are acquainted with, a few general observations may be of interest.
It might be thought that in the dry and arid plains of Australia
there would not be many favourable localities for fungi, which
for the most part ajffect moist and shady situations. For a great
many genera and species this is true. But rotten trunks and
decaying trees are found almost everywhere, and burnt surfaces
with much charred wood are also very common in Australia since
bush fires are of yearly occurrence. A very large tribe also is
almost exclusively confined to the bark of trees, that is the
Polyporei, which are amply represented in the continent. In our
open pastures at various times of the year, and especially where
sheep have been fed, the common mushroom, Agaricus campestris,

52 ON SOME -ETJNGl OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Linn., and several other Agarics are found. These plants do not
figure largely in collection on account of the great difficulty in
preserving them. A. coniciis, sometimes is met with in New
South Wales and is supposed by some to have been introduced.
It may be easily known by turning black when bruised. The
species is eaten in Europe. In Queensland amongst old grass
during continued wet we met with quantities of Stereum nitidulum
Berk., (Hook., Lond. Journ., 1843, p. 638.) The curious dark-
coloured, flat-topped, puff-ball, Bovista lilaeina, Mont, et Berk.,
is not uncommon on plains. This species does not seem very
esculent, but according to Messrs. Berkeley and Broome in
their account of the Ceylon fungi in (Linnean Society Journal,
Vol XI v., p. 78.) that it is regularly sold as an article of food in
the Indian bazaars. The same pasture is often dotted with
another puff-ball. Scleroderma Bovista, Fr., but in New Zealand
Lijcoperdon pusillum, is the one met with, S. Bovista while youug,
cut into slices is considered an excellent addition to sauces and
stews.

Our open forests have their peculiar fungi, on the ground about
stony dry ridges the beautiful Trametes ferennis, Fr., may
frequently be seen as well as several species of Clavaria and
Pohjsaccum olivaceum. This last is a very dark, hard fungus, and
has somewhat the appearance of the common puff-ball, but on
examination it will be found to be formed very differently inside.
Amongst the many Pohjyori found on forest trees none will so
frequently be seen as P. ignarius. This very dark brown species
seems to be particularly fond of the rugged bark of our Casuarina.
Some of the large Pohjpori are known to bushmen by the name
of '* Punk." P. igniarius is said to be used in some parts according
to one author (Gardiner's Chron., 1862, p. 21) for holding sereal
plants in lieu of flower pots, for which purpose the pores and part
of the inner substance is removed. The pileus is then inverted
and fastened in some position where it can be filled with light
soil and used for plants requiring but little moisture. Fine red-

BY EEV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 53

coloured species P. cinnaharinus, Fr. and P. sanguineus, Fr., may
both often be observed in abundance in the damp parts of forests
on any old timber, and from tlieir bright colors are sure to attract
attention. These species are widely spread in Australia and
other warm countries ; in Queensland they are often accompanied
by Boedalea Sprucei, Berk., and Trametes2nctus, Berk. Thorough
bark of sheaoaks, casuarinas is often covered with the beautiful
dark-brown velvety Pohjporus ciclioraceus, Berk. But it is in the
scrubs lining the watercourses on the eastern side of the Dividing
Range that the greatest variety of the genus Polyporus will be
seen and conspicuously the Fan fungus Polyporus fiahelliformis, Fr.
and goblet-shai)ed P. xantlioims, Fr., two easily recognised species
even from their appropriate specific names. The same may be
said of P. Jiirsutus, Fr., whose pileus is usually covered with
somewhat soft, scaly hairs. A ver}^ abundant kind on scrub-logs
is the large yi^nie Lenzites deplanata, Fr., whose curious hymenium
closely resembles that of a Bcedaha. Though not regarded with
much esteem as esculents, yet some species of the tribe Pohjporei
have been, and are used as articles of food in other 23arts of the
world. Generally speaking they are not favorites, but at the
same time it might be well to exj)eriment with some of the
Australian kinds.

In the close dark scrubs of Queensland one may often meet
with logs the tops of which are bordered with the large cups of
Thelephora lamellata, B. et C. These cups frequently grow one
within another, but when seen singly they will often measure
from 8 to 10 inches across. Where the ground is soft, formed of
a leafy mould the pretty earth-star Geaster saccata, Fr., and others
will be common, and should the season be warm and wet several
species of the tribe Phalloidei may be met with, such as the red
star, a kind resembling somewhat the sea anemone. This is the
Aseroe rulnim of Labillardiere. The ball-net Ileodictyon gracile,
Berk., and the superb new species of Dictyophora — D. multicolor,
B. et Br. Most species of this tribe are attractive to the eye, but

54 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH "WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

unfortunately they usually possess a most fetid odour. In drying
some care is required or both, their color and shape will be lost.
With the Ileodictyon the best mode is to fill the inside of the net
with some soft material while the plant is fresh, which may be
done by passing cotton wool through the meshes of the net and
then placing it in the sun to dry quickly. The other s^pecies
should be laid upon clean white paper in the hot sun and kept
frequently turned to prevent them adhering. By this quick
mode of drying the color and also the shape in great measure can
be ]3reserved. In the same localities we shall probably meet with
several species of Lentinus which are tough mushrooms, L.fasciatus
Br. is one of the most common in Queensland. In form it
resembles a wine glass, is of a brownish -light or dark colour,
and very shaggy. Its favorite position is on half-rotten logs.
These shaggy cups are sometimes large being five or six inches
and three or four across the top of cup. But the finest of the
genus is probably that found by Mr. Bailey in the scrub at the
Gap, Enoggera Creek, near Brisbane. It has since been named
L. cyathus, by Messrs. Berkely and Broome, and will be found
amongst those described by them in the transactions of the
Linnean Society, Vol. I., part VI., p. 399. This superb species
stands erect like a large wine glass, is about four inches across,
the gills are narrow and unbranched, about six inches high. The
stem is about seven lines thick. In similar localities logs are
often seen decorated with large paper-like lobes of various colors
these are species of Stereum, a buff colored fungus. Another
kind has finger-like lobes and is called by Messrs. Berkeley and
Broome S. radiato-fissum. It is sure to attract attention in any
place where it occurs. At the base of stumps will be noticed the
shiny bright species S. hirsutiim, Fr. The curious form of
mycelium called by the botanist Rhizomorpha Harrimanm, is often
abundant on old timber and is the mycelium of ^ylaria polyMorplia
Fr., and X rhytldophloia, Mont., two black club-shaped fungi,
the former sometimes two to three inches high.

BY EEY. J. E. TEOTrSON- WOODS, F.L.S., Am) F. M. BAILEY, P.L.S. 55

In speaking of our scrub fungi we must not forget the common
Jew's ear, Slrneola auricula-Judw, Berk. Great quantities of it
are collected at Tahiti and shipped to China where it is used for
soups. It might surely be collected with advantage in both
Queensland and New South Wales during wet warm weather, it
is very abundant on old timber in our dense scrubs. It is said
to fetch in the market when dry about six-pence a pound. Little
or no care is required in drying, just placing in the sun and
turning now and again for a few days. Hirneola polDtriclm is
perhaps the more common in New South Wales and is quite as
valuable as an esculent. Use might certainty be made of many
of the larger kinds of Pohjporei in a similar way to that in which
several are used in Europe in the manufacture of chest protectors.
For this purpose they are cut into thin plates dried and beaten
until they become soft. The indigenous kinds likely to become
useful in this respect are the large and beautiful Polyporus liicidm,
Fr., the top of which is highly polished ; P. senex, Mont., a dull
brown kind, but one that grows to a large size (specimens may
be often met with in our scrubs from one and a-half to two feet
in diameter), and Dcedalea Spnccei, Berk., a large thick kind much
softer than the last and pure white. Before concluding the few
brief remarks on our fungi something should be said of those
which attack our grasses. These for the most part belong to the
Sub-order Coniomycetes, and are of quite a different character.
They have the spores often naked, terminating in conspicuous
threads, the perithecium when present being very delicate and
evanescent. They belong also to the tribe PaccinicBi. The
following are the plants which seem subject to them — Fimhrisfijlis
a small grass-like sedge on which occurs Ustilago axicola, Berk.
This in some seasons on wet undrained land is very abundant.
U. carlo, Tulasne, will be found on the panicles of Aristida a
three awned speargrass. On the rice-grass Leersia hexandra,
S\v., which is common near water-courses will be found a new
species of Thecajjhora glohuUjera, Berk, et Broome. The red rust

56 ON SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

TricTwhasis ruhigo-vera, Lev., is common on Memarthna. The last
observation is very important and answers a part of the question
as to whence our red rust plague is derived and where it finds a
home. If an attentive observation should render as familiar with
those plants it affects we might not despair of its eradication.
The common black moulds Cladosporium herlarum, Lk., which
attacks IschcBuiimi and Paspalum, and the Helmmthosporium
ravenelis, Curtis, which destroys the panicles of the several species
of Sporololus belong to the Sub-order E'ypJiomycetes or floccose
fungi with simple or branched filaments and terminal spores.

Many of our readers will be familiar with the large luminous
mushroom which is so common at certain seasons about the bases
of old gum stumps. Until quite lately we took this fine species
for Agaricus Gardner i, Berk., but upon careful examination
Messrs. Berkeley and Broome find it a new species of Paniis and
from its luminous character have named it P. incandescens, it seems
to have a wide range, being met with in nearly all parts of
Australia. The beauty of the appearance of this kind at night
cannot be exaggerated. It is a pale luminous glow which seems
to permeate the whole substance except the skin of the cap. The
light does not come off on the hand, neither does it emit any
unpleasant smell. Some specimens found by one of us at
Wallerawang on the Divide, in March 1878, were 12 inches in
diameter, and gave a light which was sufficient to enable one to
read a newspaper when laid upon it ; the kind is said not to be
poisonous. Other luminous kinds are noticed by Hooker in the
Journal of Botany, 1840, Vol. II., p. 426. Probably we have
five or six in Australia including the Javanese Agricus Gairdneri.
It is as well to note that the common large luminous one is
poisonous.

In conclusion we beg to call attention to the very great
importance which the study of Fungi possesses for a young
country like ours, wliich depends so much upon its agriculture.
Sad experience has already taught us how its prospects may be

BY KEY. J. E. TEXISOX-VOODS, F.L.S. AXD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 57

injured by blight, mildews, smuts, rusts, &c. Little or nothing
is known about the origin and spread of these terrible pests, and
it is equally certain that if they were known they would in a
measure be provided against. Although by many mycologists
the polymorphy of these blights has been doubted, yet experience
seem to have decided that a blight of one kind affecting one class
of plants may be transformed into a mildew or a rust amongst
cereal crops. Certain j)ortions of England were for a long time
subject to mildews and rust whicli farmers, it would seem, but
too justly attributed to the influence of certain fungi on the
Berberry shrubs near. Experiments were tried and it was found
that wheat, rape, and barley sown in the neighbourhood of a
berberry bush covered with a fungus called u3^cidiuni herhen'dis,
contracted rust immediately after the maturation of the spores of
the JEcidia. The rust was most abundant where the wind carried
the spores. The following year the same observations were
repeated ; the spores of the ^cidium were collected, and applied
to some healthy plants of rye, after five or six days these plants
were affected with rust, while the remainder of the crop was
sound. In 1863 some winter rye was sown round a berberry
bush, which in the following year was infested with ^cidiiun,
which was mature in the middle of May, when the rye was
completely covered with rust. Of the grasses near the bush
Triticum repens, was most affected. — (See Cook and Berkeley's
^^ Fimgi,''^ page 200.) It will be easily seen from this fact how
important the study of fungi becomes, for in the locality referred
to the destruction of the berberry bushes has been the salvation
of the crop.

Before giving a list of those fungi which are known to inhabit
Queensland and New South Wales, it will be necessary to
explain a few technical terms for the use of students who may
not have books of reference at hand when using the catalogue.

Fungi are propagated for the most part by very small bodies,
called spores. These in two large divisions of the order are
H

58 ON SOME FUNGI OF XEV SOUTH 'W'ALES A^T) QUEENSLAND,

produced upon a fruit-bearing surface called the Symenium. The
giUs in the common mushroom are the hymenium, the pores in
Boletus or Pohjporus.

Now the classification of many families depend upon the
character of the hymenium, whether porous or lamellar &c. The
bed of fibre from which the fungus springs is called the mycelium.
The pileus or cap of the fungus is a term which explains itseK.
In the young stage many fungi are joined by the edge of the
stem by a membrane which often remains when the fungus is
spread out. This is the veil or annulus.

Fungi are divided into two great sections Sporifera — spores
naked ; Sporidifera — sporidia in sacs or asci. The first section is
divided into four sub-orders which will be defined in order as
they occur. The first Hymenomycetes, in which the hymenium is
either exposed from the begining or in the course of growth.

Of this sub-order there are six tribes, viz. : —

I. Agaricini — Hjonenium lamellose.

II. PoLYPOREi — Hymenium porous or tubular.

III. Hydnei — Hymenium tuberculate.

ly. AuRicuLARiNi — Hymenium even, smooth or rugose.

V. Clavariei — H^anenium superior or unfolding, fungus

vertical elevate, branched, rarely lobed.

VI. Tremellini — Hymenium generally covering the whole

surface, fungus lobed or discoid, gelatinous.

Agaricini.

Fungi with the hjanenium formed into distinct gill-like plates
the modification of which assists to distinguish the genera. In
the genus Cantharelliis the gills are re]3laced by veins which are
branched and with an obtuse edge. In Lenzites the veins become
hard and corky.

BY REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.L.S. AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 59

Agaricus, Linn.
Fleshy fungi with gill plates, with or without a stem, which may
be central or lateral. When no stem is present, the pileus is
attached by the upper surface. The genus is divided into five
natural groups, according as the color of the spores is white, pink,
ferruginous, purple-brown, or black. A very large genus
containing over one thousand species. The common Mushroom
is the most familiar example.

Sub-genus Amanita.

Pileus central. Young plant enclosed in a membranous free
volva, through which the pileus pushes, with or without a veil.
Grills not decurrent on the stem.

A. ragiiiatufi, Bull, var. Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Feb. 7, 1880.
Top of pileus mouse-colour and somewhat viscid, margin
thin and striated or furrowed, without the scales of the allied
species, stem split and portions curled giving the appearance
of being scaly. Volva free, but closely appressed to stem,
base bulbose.

Lepiota, Pers.

Veil simple, annular, somewhat persistent.

A. procerus, Scop., Enoggera Creek, Queensland, (Bailey) — Port
Douglas (Woods).

A. BecUeri, Berk., Clarence Eiver, N.S.W. (Beckler).
A. aspratus, Berk., Clarence Eiver, N.S.W. (Beckler), Enoggera
Creek, Queensland (Bailey).

Sub-genus Omphalia, Pers.
Pileus fleshy-membranous or when young umbilicated.
A. oniscus, Fr., Grainsford (G. Bowman).
A' umbelliferus, Linn., ? Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

60 ox SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Sub-genus Pleurotus.
Stem out of the centre or lateral.
A. (q)plicatus, Batsch.., Gainsford, Queensland (E. Bowman).
A. mollis, Schreff., Logan River, (Bailey).
A. Guilfoylei, Berk., Tweed River (Guilfoyle).
A. sordulentm^ B. et Br., on logs Taylor's Range, Queensland, a
new and beautiful species very like a Lentinus (Bailey).

Sub-genus Flammula.
Yeil fugacious, gill adnate or decurrent.

A. Boileyi, B. et Br., orange colored, on logs near Brisbane

(Bailey).
A. sajnneus, Rr., yellow-brown, on logs near Brisbane (Bailey).
A. picreus, Fries., Rockbampton, on dead trunks of Macrozamia,

(Thozet).

Sub-genus Naucoeia.

Pileus fleshy, membranous, flattish, squamulose, small ; lamella
cinnamon-colored.

A. Bowmani, Berk., Herbert Creek, Queensland (Bowman).
A. anguineus, Fries., Rockbampton (Thozet.)

Sub-genus Psalliota.
Stem with a ring formed by the veil.
A. campestris, Linn., common mushroom found everywhere.
A. versiijes, B. et Br., a new species found amongst the roots of
Bamboo, in the Brisbane Botanical Gardens. A large species
somewhat resembling A. campestris, but with a much thicker
stipes, the gills also are fasciculated in a very peculiar manner
and the whole plant has a strong smell of garbc.

Sub-genus Psathtbella.

A. dissemlnatus, P., Enoggera Creek. (Bailey). This is a small
delicate species often found in great abundance on old
rubbish in damp places,

BY REV. J. E. TEXISO^"-^VO^DS, F.L.S. A^-D F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 61

A. hiascens, Fries., E-ockliampton, (A. Thozet.)

A. {Lepiota) leontoderes, B. et Br., Grracemere O'Slianessy, F. de
Thilmen, publicata, deter. C. Kalcbrenner, as also the nine
following.

A. {Lepiota) clypeolarius, Bull, Grracemere O'Shanessy.

A. (Lepiota) granulosas, Fries., Rockhampton, (Thozet.)
A. {Mycena) silemis, B. et Br., sent to Baron Mueller from North
Australia by Armit.

A. {OmpliaJea) scy^phiformis, Fries., amongst grass, Graeemere
O'Shanessy.

A. (Fleurotus) ilhcminans, Muller, Eockhampton, (Thozet).

A. (Fleurotus) corticatus, Fries., Graeemere O'Shanessy.

A. (Heheloma) nudipes, Fries., Graeemere O'Shanessy.

A. (Panceolus) campanulatus, Linn., Parramatta. Jour. Linn.
Soc., Yol. 16.

CoPETNUS, Fersoo7i.

Gill-bearing fungi remarkable for their dark spores and
deliquescent pileus, gills adhering together, growth and decay
extremely rapid, on dung hot-beds, some yield a very dark juice
which is used for ink, and some are edible.

G. stercoreus, Fr., in many parts of N. S. W. and Queensland.
C. ephemerus, Fr., Bull, 1. 128, Gainsford, Queensland (Bowman).

Htgeophortjs, Fries.

This genus is separated from Agaricus on account of the
waxy not membranous gills, and granular intermediate substance.

a. miniatus, Fr., a small, beautiful deep red species very abundant
in open pastures during damp w^eather inQueensland(Bailey)

B.. porpliyrinus, B. et Br., pileus and stipes purple, gills white, a
new species found on open pasture near Brisbane (Bailey.)

C2 ON- SOME FUN^GI OF NEW SOUTH "WALES AXD QUEEXSLAXD,

Maeasimus, Fries.

Habit of Agariciis. Pileus fleshy or membranous, hymenium
dry, gills thick, tough with acute edges.
M. confeHus, B. and Br,, a delicate fungus often found crowded

in Queensland and New South Wales river scrubs.
M. rotula, Fries., on dead wood, Grracemere O'Shanessy.
M. rufo-pallidus, Kalchbrenner, published by E. de Thiimen,

Grracemere O'Shanessy.
M. rJiyticeps, Kalchb., Eockhampton on stems of Passiilora^

(Thozet.)
M. ealohates, Kalchb., E/Ockhampton, on old leaves of Bourgain-

villea (Thozet.)
M. aciculceformis, B. and Br., Grracemere on old decayed logs

O'Shanessy.
M. primulinus, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc. Vol. 16.
M. opaciis, Berk, and C, Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

Lactarttts, Fries.

Trama vesicular, gills lactescent, whence the generic name.

L. subtomentosus, B. and Kac, Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Y. 16.

Canthaeellus, Yide supra.

G. conci?inus, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.
C. cibarius, Pries., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.
0. aurantiacus, Pries., Eockhampton, (Thozet.)

Etjsstjla, Fries.

This is a genus of bright colored mushrooms. Grills brittle
and entire, either white or of an apricot color, according to color
of spores. Some are extremely acrid, others mild and esculent,
and on the continent of Europe highly esteemed.

B. ^wie^fc«,Pr., Elizabeth Bay, (Tenison-Woods) a very poisonous
species.

BY REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, E.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 63

H. rubra, Fr., Brisbane Eiver, (Bailey).
B.fragilis, Fr., Herbert Creek, (E. H. Bowman).

Lextixus, Fries.

' Habit o£ Agaricus. Pileus leathery, hard. Gills tough, edges
often lacerated.

L. fasciatus, Berk., a beautiful shaggy fungus on wood in dense
scrubs, Parramatta (Woods), Eockhampton (Bowman),
Trinity Bay and Brisbane E-iver (Bailey). This species
varies much in color, from very light to dark brown, (F.M.B.)

L. pergamenus, Fries., Gracemere O'Shanessy.

L. sulundus, Berk., sent to Baron Mueller by Armit from North
Queensland.

L. Leco7ntei, Fr., shaggy like the last, on a shorter usually
excentric stipes, Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle), Southern Queens-
land (Bailey).

L. exilis, KL, a very beautiful cup-formed species, color light,
not shaggy. Trinity Bay (Bailey), Daintree (Woods).
Daintree specimen large.

L. vulpiniis, Fr., Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle).

L. Dimalii, Fr., Trinity Bay, (Bailey).

L. cyathus, B. et Br., a very fine species. Dense scrubs, Enoggera
Creek, (Bailey). New species.

L. subdulces, Berk., on logs, Taylor's Eange (Bailey).

Paxus, Fries.
Pileus tough but fleshy, gills unequal, edges entire, acute.
P. iticatidescens, B. et Br., f?i. Bp.) the large luminous mushroom

of Queensland and South Australia (Bailey).
P, visciduliis, B. et Br., fn. sp.) top of pileus somewhat of a slate
color and very clammy, while fresh the gills white, on timber
Brisbane Eiver scrubs (Bailey), New South Wales (Woods).

Xerotes, Fries.
Gills distant, entire, obtuse, whole plant of delicate texture
and dry, whence the name. On decaying logs.

64 ON SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AXD QUEENSLAND,

X Rawakensis, Fr., Enoggera, near Brisbane, (Bailey).
X proximus, B. et Br., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
X fukus, B. et Br., Enoggera (Bailey).

Paxillus, Fries.
Gills persistent, distinct from tlie hymenophorum.
P. Jluelleri, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

ScHizoPHYLLUiT, FHes.
Pileus dry. Gills branched in a flabellate manner, split
longitudinally.

S. commune, Fr., color of cap grey, gill brownish, very abundant
ubiquitous species, on timber, Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle)
Brisbane Biver (Prentice), Trinity Bay (Bailey), Daintree
(Woods).

Lenzites, Fries.
Pileus corky. Gills firm, often anastomosing, with, entire edges.
L. hetidina, Fr., Main Pauge, Queensland (Bailey).
Z. Palisotii, Fries, New South. Wales (Mueller.)
L. Berlceleyi, Lev., Brisbane Piver (Thozet).
L. cleplanata, Fr., in all the scrubs about Brisbane, very abundant

and large at Maroochie (Bailey), Daintree (Woods).
L. faventinus, Cald., Enoggera (Bailey).
Z. striata, Fr., on timber. Three Mile Scrub (Bailey), Port

Douglas (Woods).
Z. striata, var minor. Herbert's Creek, Eockhampton, Jour.

Linn. Soc, Yol. 13, bot. p. 161.

Tribe Polyporei.
Hymenium lining the cavity of tubes or pores.

STEOELLOiiYCES, Berk.
Yery like a Boletus. Spores globose or broadly ellii^tic and rough.
S. nigricans, Berk., Ithaca Creek (Bailey).

BY REV. J. E. TENISO:^- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 65

Boletus, Zm7i.
Hymenium tubes separable from each, other as well as from
the pileus. Stipites stout. Some poisonous, others thought
excellent food, and preferred in some places to the Mushroom.
The most poisonous kinds are said to be of a red color about the
orifice of the tubes. These fungi often change color almost
instantaneously upon being broken, from white or yellow to blue.

J^. pachjpus, Fr., forest land Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

B. suhtomentosiis, Linn , Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

B. (manceceps, Berk., Parramatta, Jour. Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

Polyp ORUS, Fries.

A very large genus of pore-bearing fungi. The tubes not
separating from each other, or from the pileus distinguishes this
genus from Boletus. The species are often large, hard and
beautiful, one is said to be worshiped in Guinea, and several are
of commercial value in various ways.

Section Mesopus.

Stem distinct, simj)le, lateral or nearly central. Substance
corky or fleshy.

P. arcularius, Fries, stipes central, smooth pores rhomboid.
Brisbane district, very common on old timber (Bailey),
Eockhampton (Bowman), Daintree and Endeavour Rivers
(Woods).

P. ollectans, Berk., Herbert's Creek (Bowman).

P. Armitii, Kalchbrenner, Fragm. Fascs. xc, North Australia
(Armit).

P. xanthopus, Fr., infundibuliform on yellow stems, Tweed Piver
(Guilfoyle), Brisbane Eiver, and Trinity Bay (Bailey),
l)aintree Eiver (Woods), Cape York (E. Daemel).

66 ox SOME rUXGI of new south wales and QUEENSLAND,

F. lucid m, Fr., pileus poHslied, stem on one side, central, or
altogether wanting, Eockliampton (Bowman), Daintree
(Woods), Brisbane Eiver, Maroochie and Trinity Bay (Bailey)

P. hUeo-nitidus, Berk., Maroochie (Bailey).

P. quadrans, Berk, et Br., Enoggera (Bailey).

P. dkiiioims, Eostk., on the ground Enoggera (Bailey).

Section Pleuropus.
Stem lateral, simple, of usually hard substance.
P. picipes, Fr., Eedland Bay, Queensland (A. J. Boyd).

P. sanguineus, Fr., often in thin deep-red fan-shaped flakes. New
England (0. Stuart), Parramatta (? Woolls), Tweed Eiver
(Guilfoyle), Brisbane Eiver and Maroochie (Bailey), Daintree
Eiver (Woods).

P. luteus, Nees, very like P. xantTiopus, but usually thicker in
substance and more flabelliform, Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle),
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. flalelliformis, E^., pileus dark, zonate, clothed with soft velvety

hairs. Tweed Eiver (Gruilfoyle), Brisbane Eiver, Maroochie

(Bailey).
P. a finis, Fr., is a variety of the previous species.
P. einnaharinus, Fr., pileus corky, slightly convex, somewhat

zoned, hymen, scarlet, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Port Douglas

(Woods).
P. fuscolineatus, B. et Br., pileus thin, marked by very slender

lines radiating from the centre to the edge. Brisbane Eiver

(Bailey).
P. 7^hpidium, Berk., small white species, Enoggera Eiver (Bailey).
P. platotis, B. et Br., whole plant fragile, margins deeply sinuate

and thick. Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
p. dilatatus, Berk., Tweed Eiver (GuiKoyle).

BY EEV. J. E. TEXISON-WOODS, F.L.S., A2sD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 67

P. fA7iodermeiJfunalis,'Fv., soft white fungus, Trinity Bay (Bailey).
F. (Anodermei) corrivalis, Berk., imbricated, somewhat concliiforni
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Port Douglas (AVoods).

F. cHro-cmrmifius, B. et Br., a most peculiar kind, when dried
resembling candid orange-peel, substance of fungus like
that of F. arcularius soft leathery, the j)ores falling together
in drying and turning a dark color, its habit is much like
that of F. corrivalis, forming imbricate masses on wood
Enoggera (Bailey).

F. fructicum, B. et C, a soft spongy brown fungus, on twigs of
trees. Brisbane Eiver (Bancroft), Trinity Bay (Bailey).

F. (Flocodermei) ruhidus, Berk., pileus thick, pinkish. Maroochie
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), Port Douglas and Liverpool Eanges
(Woods).

F. f Flocodermei J radiatus, Berk., Taylor's Eange (Bailey).

F. f Anodermei J fcedatus, Berk., pileus three inches across, one and
a-half to two inches long ; pores 1/96 inch in diameter. Cape
York, Journals of the Linn. Society, Vol. 16.

F. {Anodermei) tephronotiis, Berk., Parramatta, Journal Linnean
Soc, Vol. 16.

F. {Anodermei) ochroleucus, Berk., Parramatta, Journal Linnean
Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Anodermei) semidigitaliformis, Berk., Parramatta, Joui\ Linn.
Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Fleuropus) rugosm, Nees, Parramatta, Journal of Linn. Soc,

Yol. 16.
F. {Fleuropus) 2}eroxydatus, Berk., color of pileus like that of per

oxide of iron. Parramatta, Journal of Linn. Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Flacodermei) portentosus, Berk., Parramatta, Journal of Linn.
Soc, Yol. 16.

F. {Flacodermei) australis, Fries, Parramatta, Journal of Linnean
Society, Yol. 16.

68 0\ SOME FVNGl OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

F. {Placodermei) incrassatm, Berk., Cape York, Journal of Linn.

Society, Vol. 16.
P. {Resiipinati) oUiquus, Fries., Parramatta, Journal of Linnean

Society, Vol. 16.

P. gallopavonis, B. et Br., n. sp., Enoggera (Bailey).

P. zonalis, Berk., on wet wood, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. iffniarius, Fr., very large, liard, brown, very common on
Casuarmas, Queensland (Bailey), New South Wales (Woods).

P. senex, Mont., Brisbane Eiver, Trinity Bay (Bailey), Daintree
(Woods). This is one of the largest of Australian fungi.

P, melanopus, Mont., a small dark fungus, on dead trees, Taylor's

Eange (Bailey).
P. Persoonii, Fr., Tweed Eiver, (Guilfoyle).
P. cinereo-fuscics, Currey, Trinity Bay (Bailey).
P. scrupostis, Fr., Enoggera Creek (Bailey).
P. lihum, Berk., Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle).
P. cichoraceus, Berk., a dark, glossy brown, velvety fungus,

Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
P. lideo-olivaceus, B. et Br., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
P. hirsidus, Fr., pileus hairy, Clarence Eiver (Dr. Beckler),

Tweed Eiver (GuiKoyle), Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
F. occidentalism Kl., a large, thin, hairy or scaly capped species of

grey or brownish color. Enoggera Creek (Bailey).

P. lilacino-gilvus, P., hymenium of a beautiful pink color, Enoggera

Creek (Bailey) .
F. elongatus, Berk., a fragile, fan shaped, white species. New

England (C. Stuart), on logs Enoggera Creek (Bailey) >

Maroochie CBailey).
P. venustus, Berk., pileus very scaly, often dark, pores irregular

shaped, sometimes purplish, on old timber, Enoggera Creek

(Bailey).

BY RET. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BATLEY, F.L.S. 69

P. Peradenm, B. et Br., pileiis somewliat zoned, soft silky, usually
lemon-colored, Pine Elver (Black), near Ipswich (Miss
Cam]3bell), Brisbane River (Bailey).

P. compressus, Berk., pileus somewhat scaly yellowish, thick often,
found on logs in open forests, fences, &c., Brisbane Eiver
(Bailey).

P. ferruc/mosus, Fries. This species forms often large, close,
brown patches, on old timber, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. Broomei, Eabenh., a white species often found in patches, one
foot long, and six inches wide, on logs Enoggera Creek
(Bailey).

P. calceus, B. et Br., this species forms large, thin, flakes on the
fallen timber. Trinity Bay (Bailey).

P. rimosiis, Fries, (Mueller).

P. Floridanus, Berk., a skin-like fungus, on hard timber,
Enoggera Creek (Bailey).

P.flavus, Jungh., New South Wales, (Mueller).

P.fuhus, Fries, New South Wales (Mueller).

P. hiretuvt, Kalchb., New South Wales (Mueller).

P. vo/porarius, Fries, Gracemere (O'Shanessy).

P. xerampeUnus, Kalchb., {n. sp.) Eockhampton (A. Thozet).

P. murinus, Kalchb., {n. sp.) Eockhampton (A. Thozet).

P. chrysoleucus, Kalchb., Eockhampton (A. Thozet).

P. Eucalypti, Kalchb., on stems of Emalypts Eockhampton

(Thozet).
P. sartcinus, Fries, on logs, Eockhampton (A. Thozet).
P. placodes, Kalchb., Qi.sp.) Eockampton (Thozet.)
P. chileiisis. Fries, Eockhampton (Thozet).
P. yihbosus, Nees, Eockhampton (Thozet).
P. Tricholoma, Mntg., Gracemere (O'Shanesy and A. Thozet).
P. mychdes, Kalchb., (w. sp^ Gracemere (O'Shanesy).

70 ON SOME FUXGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Trametes, Fries.
This is a genus very near to Pohjjwrus, differing in tlie trama
— substance separating the pores — being thick, and continuous
without change from the pileus.
T. pyrrhocreas, Berk., pileus somewhat thick, banded, velvety,

substance like Amadou. Herbert's Creek, Journ. Linn. Soc,

botany. Vol. XIII., 164, 1873.
T. occidentalis, Fries, Parramatta (Moseley).
T. versatilis, Berk., Herbert's Creek. (J. c.)
T. mollis, Fries, Parramatta (Moseley).
T. acuimnctatm, A., Herbert's Creek (E. M. Bowman I. c.)
T. phellinus, Berk., New England (I. c.)
T. devexa. Berk., often forming long strips on old timber, color

various, pileus velvety, Tweed Piver (Gruilf oyle) , throughout

Queensland (Bailey).

T. lactineus, Berk., New England, Journ. Linn. Soc, botany,

Yol. XIIL, p. 165.
T. colliculosa, Berk., New England {I. c.)
T. rigida, Berk., closely resembling T. ^^y^.z;rt, pileus usually much

wider and more hairy, Tweed Piver (GuiKoyle), throughout

Queensland (Bailey and AVoods).

T. umhrinus, Currey, Brisbane Piver (Bailey).

T. pictus, Berk., pileus clouded or obscurely zoned by a darker
color, sometimes shortly stipitate on hard forest timber,
Brisbane Piver (Bailey), Endeavour Piver (Woods).

T. perennis, Fr., a very pretty species found among grass on stony
ridges about Brisbane (Bailey).

DiEDALEA, Per soon.

Pores often sinuous or labyrinthiform, but variable ; sometimes
resembling a Lenzites, at other times a Trantites.

BY BEY. J. E. TENISON-VOODS, F.L.S. AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 71

B. tenuis, Berk., Cape York, Journ. Linn. Soc, Yol. XIII., bot.
page 165.

D. Bowmani, Berk., Herbert's Creek (Bowman) .
D. aspera, Fries, ? a large white species, pores large sinuous,
Enoggera Creek (Bailey),

7>. Sjjrucei, Berk., a very large, thick, white fungus, with small
pores. Brisbane, and most of the South Queensland scrubs
on stumps and logs (Bailey), Daintree (Woods).

7). glahrescens, Berkeley, Parramatta (Moseley).

Hexagona, Fr.

Pores usually large and angular, somewhat resembling the
cells of a honeycomb.

H. tenuis, Fr., Cape York (E. Daemel).

H. pohjgramma, Mont., on mangroves. Trinity Bay (Bailey).

S. Miielleri, Berk., New England, Journal Linnean Society, Yol.
XIIL, 166.

H. tenuis, Fries, Cape York, Journ. Linn. Soc, Yol. XYI.

5. erinigera, Fries, North Australia (Armit).

Favolus, Fries.

Pileus fleshy, flexible, hymenium reticulate, pores radiating
elongated.

F. squamiger. Berk., pileus umbilicate. New England, Journal of
Linn. Soc, Yol. XIII., 166.

F. ccBspitosus, Berk., densely tufted, stems connected at the base,
over 50 in a tuft, two inches or more high, Clarence Kiver
(Dr. Beckler, I. c.)

Laschia, Fries.

Pileus fleshy, but very cellular, the top sticky when fresh,
hymenium reticulate, very similar to Favolus.

72 ON" SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

L. Thwaitesii, B. et Br., a small, white species found on tlie bark
of Wormia data, at Trinity Bay (Bailey), MaroocMe (Bailey).

L. pustidata, B. et Br., on scrub logs, Enoggera (Bailey).

Z. tremellosa, Fr., Tweed Eiver (Gruilfoyle).

L. ecespitosa, Berk., perhaps identical with F. ccespitosa, mentioned
before, but the plant, never so large in Queensland as the
specimens of that from the Clarence, are described in the
Journal above quoted, Enoggera (Bailey). The species are
very similar, and probably only forms of one.

Merulinus, Haher.

Hymenium waxy, soft, formed of porous reticulations or sinuous
toothed depressions. To this genus belong those fungi most
destructive to timber, as dry rot &c. No species in our collection
yet determined.

Tribe Hydnei.
Hymenium not lining pores or tubes, but spread over the
surface of spines or papillge.

Hydnum, Linn.
Pileus fleshy or hard, hjrmenium spread over the surface of
awl-shaped or compressed spines that are free at the base, some
species are said to be excellent when cooked.

Section Apus.
Pileus sessile.
H. Mueller i, Berk,, hymenium spines yellow, long and slender,

Tweed Eiver (Gruilfoyle).
E. fmesopusj nigrum, Fries, Parramatta (Mosely).
S. fresupinatumj xanthum, B. and C, Parramatta (Mosely).
E. gilvum, Berk., pileus somewhat fan-shaped, spines of hymenium
somewhat acute, the whole yellow, Enoggera Creek (Bailey).

BYREY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.L.S. AXD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 73

H. menilioides, B. et Br., fn. s.J liymeniiim a rich orange color,
the rest white, found on the damp timber of a bridge.
Ithaca Creek (Bailey.)

IiiPEx, Frieft.

Hymeniruii with fir in coriaceous acute teeth, disposed in rows.

/. farm, Kl., this forms large patches on old timber, is of a
leather}^ consistence and of a beautiful yellow color, Herbert's
Creek (Bowman), Eockingham Bay (Dallachy), Trinity Bay
(Bailey), Daintree (Woods), near Ipswich (Miss. F. M.
Campbell) .

/. z/mrrf/ifi, Fr., Main Banges. Queenslmid (Bailey).

SisTOTREMA, FHes.
Having the habit and appearance oilrpex. The gill-like teeth
bearing the hymenium.

S. irpicimnrii, B. et Br., this new species forms large irregular
patches on old timber in dense scrubs, at first sight one might
niistalce it for F. Broomei, but on examination the hymenium
will be found toothed like an Irpex, to which it is closely allied.
Enoggera Creek (Baile,y).

Eadulum, Fr.
This genus connects Lpex and Sisfotrema with IFydnum.

R. ? sp. noi\, found on an old Peach tree, Brisbane

(Bailey).

Phlebia, Fries.
These are skin-like fungi found on damp timber. Hymenium
sub-gelatinous, spread over persistent veins.

P. radictta, Berk., Ithaca Creek (Bailey).

AURICULAP.IXI.

Hymenium not pricklj^ or tubular, but forming obscure folds
or even.

74 ox SOME FUXGI OF XEW SOUTH AVALES .VXD QUEEXSL/^XD,

Thelephoea, Fries,
Hymeiiium tougli, at length rigid, costate, striate, or papillose.

T. pediceUata, Schewin. This forms lichen-like patches on the

boughs of scrub trees and bushes, and is of a brown color,

Enoggera Creek (Bailey).
T. dendritica, Fr., Clarence Eiver, Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot., Vol.

XIII., p. 167.
T. congesta, Berk., Eockhampton (Bowman).
T. lamellata, B. et C, a very large goblet-formed fungus found on

old logs, Maroochie, Queensland (Bailey).
Cladoderis aiistralis, Kalchb., New South Wales, (Mueller).

Steeeum, Fries.
Pileus coriaceus often soft, velvet3% hymenium even, stiff fungus
whence the name from stereos stiff, Gr.

S. nitididum, Berk., in wet seasons this species often attacks the
roots of grass in damp localities. The fungus is of itself
very pretty, being in the form of cups, zonate and glossy,
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

S. elegans, Fr., Queensland (Bowman).

S. lohatiim, Fr., pileus rigid, undulate, velvety above the hymenium
of a light brown, common on the dead timber of scrubs. Cape
York (Daemel), Daintree (Woods), Brisbane Eiver (Bailey),
Tweed Eiver (Guilfoyle;, New England (C. Stuart).

S. hirsution, Fr., pileus strigose-hirsute, often zoned, hj^menium

bright 3^ellow, New England (C. Stuart), Brisbane Eiver

(Bailey).
S. Scliomliirglcii, Berk., Maroochie, on old timber (BaileyJ.
S. 2)rolifican>^, Berk., Cape York, Parramatta (Moseley).
S. illmlens, Berk., Parramatta, Journal Linn. Soc, Vol. 16.
S. radiato-Jissum, B. et Br., i)il6^is glossy, hairy, whole plans cut

to the base into digitate lobes, on logs Taylor's Eange

(Bailey), a new and beautiful species.

BY REV. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.?. 75

*S'. ostrea, Nees., Eockhampton, (Tliozet.)

S. leiiteo-hadium, Fries., New Soutli AVales (Mueller).

S. striatum, Fries., New Soutli Wales (Mueller).

Hymexocilete, Lev.
Coriaceous, dry. Hymeniuai even, beset witli short, stiff,
colored bristles.
H. cacao, Berk., a thin skin-like fungus, mostly found on the small

branches of trees, Brisbane Eiver ( Bailej') .
H. rigidida, Berk., New South AVales (Mueller.)
H. tenuissima, Berk., Brisbane River (Bailey), we find no difference
in these two IlijmenocJuete, they are beautiful forms of fungi.

CoRTiciuM, Fries.
These fungi are distinguished from Stcreui/t and ThelepJiora by
their more tender hymenium, they are usually found on the bark
of trees, hence the name from cortex bark.
C. nudum, Fries., on orange trees, Eockhampton (Thozet).
C. Iceve, Fr., membranous, smooth, hymenium pinkish, Brisbane

Eiver (Bailey).
C. mcarnatum, Fr., somewhat flesh-colored, skin-like patches on

bark of scrub trees, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
C. oUvaceum, Fr., on old bamboo Brisbane (Bailey).
C. arachioideum, Berk., coating the twigs of scrub trees, Brisbane

Eiver (Bailey).
C. cccruleum, Fr., Clarence and Tweed Eivers (Guilfoyle).

DiCTYONEMA, Persoou.
Hymenium breaking up into little fragments so as to exhibit
the appearance of little parasitic Pezizm.
B. cerucjinosum, Nees., Eockingham Bay, (Dallachy).

GuEPixiA, Fries.
Pileus cartilaginous, or almost gelatinous, folded or twisted.
Hymenium distinct, inferior or at first superior, unchanged,
persistent, bright colored fungi.

76 ox '=iOME FUXGI OF XEW SOUTH WALES AXD QUEEXSLAXD,

G. Himthidarla, Fr., small orange-yellov.f uiig-us on fences, Herbert's
Creek, (Bowman), Trinity Bay and Brisbane liiver (Bailey),
Endeavour Eiver (Woods).

HYrociixus, Fries.
II. nil ro -chid us, Phr., on bark of trees Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

AupjcuLARiA, Fries.

Ilymenium irregularly^ and distantly folded, gelatinous wlien
Wdt, diiferent in substance from tlie pilous.

A. lohata, Sommf., on damp logs in thick scrub Brisbane Eiver

(Bailey).
A. ),i"iC)ifrica, Bull, Enoggera Creek (Baile}^).
A. (dhica)is. A., a brilliant species, Herbert's Creek, Journal of

Linn. Soc, Botany, Vol. XIIL, p. 170.

Tribe Clavakiei.

Usually erect fungi, elavate or terete. Hymenium extending
over tlie apex of the plant, even or wrinkled.

Clavakia, Zi)in.
Branching erect fungi, or various colors and very llesli3\

C. lotri/tis, P., Parramatta (W. WooUs), New England (C. Stuart)

C. aryillacea, Er., var. Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

(7. striata, P., Toowoomba (C. H Hartmanu).

0. rugosa. Bull, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

C. 't fu&tiyiata, 1)C., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

C.jltca, SchcTti'., Parramatta, Journ. Linn. JSoc, A'ol. 1(3.

C. aiireo, ^chaff., Parramatta, Jour. cit.

Lacuxocladium, Berk.

L.farcdhitam, Lev. This is a most beautiful coral-like fungus
found on old scrub timber in the tropics in large masses,
color white or cream, Trinity Bay (Bailey)'

BY liEV. J. E. TE^TISOX- WOODS, E.L.S. A2sD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 77

TREiiELLA, Fries.
Grelatinous fungi of various forms, often lobed.
Tremella httescens, Persoon, Parramatta, (Moselj^.

HiEXEOLA. Fries.
Gelatinous cup or ear-shaped, horny when dry.
li. auricida-Jiulce, Berk., Jew's ear; this species is largely used

in China as food.
H. 'polytriclia^ Mont., differing from the last in the hairy pileus.
Is the common form in Port Jackson, and all along the
East Coast.*
II. rufa, Berk., Cape York, (Mosely), Journ. Linn. Soc, A^ol. 16.

Sub-order II., Gasteromicetes

Hymenium concealed within the substance of the plaiit, exposed
only by the rupture or decay of its walls (peridium) consisting
of closely packed cells, of which the fertile bear naked spores on
distinct spicules.

Tribe Hri'U(;,T'A.

Hymenium resembling the crumbs of bread, sub-terranean in
habit, some have a distinct peridium while others are totally
destitute of any covering. They differ from real truffles in the
fruit consisting of naked spores. This tribe of fungi are most
anxiously inquired after by European Mycologists from Australia
but as yet few have been collected.

Hyd^v^axgium, Wcdlr.

Peridium fleshy or membranaceous, sterile, base none. Trama
vesicular. Cells at first empty, then filled with echinulate spores.

II. australien&e, B. et Berk., («. sp.) a redish, fleshy puff-ball-like
fungus, very rare, Sandy Creek, Taylor's Eange (Bailey).

* licnieola polytricha^ is also found in New Zealand where it became an article
of export for the Chinese market. It is used to thicken soup.

78 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Tribe Piialloidei.
Young plants enclosed in a gelatinous globular volva, whicli
bursting allows the plant to assume its ultimate form ; liymenium
melting down with the spores into an olivaceous, often foetid
semifluid mass.

Dictyophora, Fries.
Spores enclosed in a kind of net work.
D. multicolor, B. et Br., {n. sp.) this remarkably handsome fungus
attains the height of six or eight inches, is richly colored,
and adorned with a long netted veil, reaching half-way down
its stipes. Plant rare as yet, only having been met with in
one locality, Kedron Brook by Mrs. England.
D merulina, Berk., Eockingham Bay, Journ. Linn. 8oc., A^ol. K3,
Bot. 172.

Phallus, Linn.
Pileus conical, perforated at the apex, deeply pitted.
P. calyptrafus, B. et Br., part of volva adhering to the pileus
gives a cap-like appearance to this fungus. Amongst grass
near Brisbane (Bailey).
P. , ? sp. n.. pileus one and a-half inch broad, orange?

stipes lemon, and volva white, scent heavy, but not very
disagreeable, Brisbane (Thos. Weedon).

AsEROE, Labill.,
Pileus divided at the summit into radiating, simple or forked

arms.

A. rithra, Labill., pileus red, resembling somewhat in form a star-
fish, New England (C: Stuart), Brisbane Eiver (Mrs. Coxen).

Clathrus, Mich.
Beautiful netted fungus resembling Ileodictyon.
G. crispus, Turp., amongst grass, Eockingham Bay, Journ. Linn.

Soc, Bot. Vol. XIIL, p. 172.
G. pusillus, Berk., AV^ide Bay (Dr. E. P. Parker),

BY EEY. J. E. TEXISOX- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 79

Ileodtctton, Tulasne.
Pileus forming a globose network with soft corrugated branches.
/. gracile, Berk., Net-ball fungus, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

Tribe Tricitooastres.
Usually globose dry fungi, Hymenium enclosed in a single or
double peridium (coat), drying up into a dusty mass of microscopic
threads and spores. Puff-balls.

Geastee, MicJieli.
Peridium double, persistent, the outer splitting from the base
to the apex into segments, which spread out like a star ; clie
nucleus bursting by a pore at the apex.
G. minimios, Schw., small earth star, Eockampton (Bowman),

Parramatta, (Mosely).
G, saccatus, Pr., Clarence Eiver, (Dr. Beckley), Mount Growrie

(Bailey).
G. striatus, DC, var. minor Mount Gowrie (Bailey).
G. laginceformis, Yitt., Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

BoYiSTA, Dillenius.
Large puff-balls. Peridium double, persistent forming a bark-
like paper, which shells off from the nucleus — capillitium. The
nucleus composed of a mass of brown filaments, and pedicelled
spores.
B. lilacina, Mont, et Bert., dark puff-ball, top often flat. Enoggera

and Cunningham's Grap, Queensland (Bailey).
B. Muelleri, Berk., Herbert's Creek (Bowman).

Ltcopeedon, lournefort.
Peridium often broken into scales or warts. Nucleus soft
and dense, compact at the base.

L. pusillum, Pries, Barron Eiver (Bailey).

L. gemmatum, Pries, a soft brownish puff-ball, found in scrubs.
Logan Eiver (Bailey).

80 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEV*" SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

L. hrasiliensis, Fr., a, small species found on old timber in scrubs
Brisbane Eirer, is perhaps tins species (Bailey).

SCLERODEEMA, PeVSOOn.

Somewhat <^lobose, sessile or sti])itate. Peridium firm, hard
witli an inner bark, bursting irregularly. Spores large granulated,
S. hovista, Fr., common in Southern Queensland, (Bailey).
S. pandanaceum, Muell., Eockingham Bay (J. Dallachy).
8. geaster. Fr., Herbert's Creek, Journal of Linn. Soc.,Bot., Vol.

XIII., p. 171.
S. strolilinum, Kalchb., Eockhampton (Thozet).

Mtcenastru^ne, Desv.
Peridium thick, like slioe-leather, splitting at maturity in a
somewhat stellate manner.

31. corium, Berk., a large hard puff-ball. Mount Growrie, Darling
Downs (Bailey).

PoLTSACCUM, Desv.
A genus of hard puff-balls, within tbe outer peridium containing
a multitude of small peridia.
P. olivaceum, Fr., ridges about Brisbane (Baileyj, spores yellow^

Liverpool Plains, Murrurundi, Bathurst (Woods).
P. iiisocarpium, Fr., Brisbane Eirer (Bailey), spores brown-
ferruginous.

Ceucieulum, Tidasne.

Habit of Gyatlius. Peridium globose at first, afterwards cupped
and obconic, of a uniform spongy, fibrous fitted consistence.
Orifice closed by a flat f urfuraceous cover of same color, sporangia
plane attached to a nipple-like tubercle by a long cord.
G. vulgare, Tul., peridium dirty-yellow, finally white spores,
minute, ovate, Gracemere, Eockhampton (O'Shanessy).

Mtxogastres.
L'suallj small fungi, form various, pulpy while young. Peridium
usually globose, single or double, containing a dusty mass of
fiocci, mixed with spores.

BY REY. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.L.S. AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 81

DiDTMiTJM, Schrader.

Peridium scaly, mealy or tomentose, bursting irregularly.
D.farinaceum, Fr., on decaying fruit, Brisbane (Bailey).

Stemonitis, OleditscJi.

Peridium very delicate, single and deciduous, filled witb a
beautiful network of threads, connected with the stem and
penetrating more or less the whole mass.

S.fusca, Both., a common kind on damp timber, grows in minute
tufts of cylindrical peridia, supported on dark bristle-like
stems, these are often persistent after the network has fallen
away, Brisbane Scrubs (Bailey), S. Tasmania (Woods).

Physaetjm, Pers.
Peridium bladdery, mostly stipitate and subglobose.
P. nutans, P., peridium white, stem red. Crocodile Creek, Journ.
Linn. Soc, XIII., p. 172.

Aecyeia, Hill.
Peridium fugacious except a small portionatthe base, cylindrical
net-like fungus.
A. nutans, Pr., pale-yellow, nodding net fungus on wood, Brisbane

Scrubs (Bailey).
A. cinerea, Pr., grey net fungus on wood, Brisbane Scrubs (Bailey)
A. jpunicea, Pers., dull purple net fungus, on wood, Brisbane
Scrubs (Bailey).

Tribe Nldtjlaeiacei.
Peridium of various form and bursting at the apex horizontally
containing separate sporangia, in which the spores are formed.

Cyathtjs, Per soon.

Fungi like diminutive birds-nests. Peridium of thin closely
connected membranes, at length bursting at the apex, and the

82 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH TVALES AND QUEENSLAND,

orifice closed by a white membrane. Sporangia plane, umbilicate

attached by an elastic cord to the peridium.

C. Lesueurii, Tul., on dung Parramatta (Woolls).

G. intermedins, TuL, Herbert's Creek, Queensland, (Ed. Bowman).

C. eampanulatus, Corda., Brisbane (Bailey).

C.fimetarius, DC, on horse dung, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

Sub-order III. — Comomycetes.
Minute fungi, including the rusts &c. Hymenium 0. Spores
abundant, conspicuous, often large, surrounded by a perithecium
or naked, terminating in conspicuous threads. Threads often
arising from a creeping mycelium. Peridium — perithecium —
when present very delicate and evanescent. In this suborder will
be found the numerous parasitic species, which affect the living
organs of plants and cause such mischief to corn and other crops
by exhausting the energies of the mother plant, and thus prevent-
ing the full development of the seed &c.

Tribe Sph^eonemei.
Perithecium more or less distinct.

Phoma, Fries.
A minute fungus, forming pustules on wood, leaves, &c.
Perithecium subglobose or punctiform, discharging minute simple
spores by a small orifice at the apex.

P. rosarum, Dur. et Mont., on rose aculei, Bulimba, Brisbane
Eiver (Mrs. C. Coxen).

Toeulacei.
Perithecium altogether wanting, spores compound, moniliform
or raising from repeated division — rarely reduced to a single cell.
Mycelium scarcely apparent.

ToEULA, Pers.
A fungus forming compact, thick, beds on the leaves of plants.
T. herbarum, Lk., on Acacia phyllodia, Brisbane River (Bailey).

BY REV. J. E. TE^^SOX- WOODS, F.L.S., AND E. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 83

Bacteiditjm, Kunze.
This plant consists almost entirely of oblong, septate, hyaline
spores, which radiate from a little dot-like receptacle.
B.flavmiiy Kunze, on fig bark, Brisbane Scrubs (Bailey).

PuCCINIiEI.

Parasitic on living plants. Peridium 0. Spores producing
secondary spores in germination, usually oblong and septate.
Fuccinea straminis, Tuck., Xew South "Wales (Mueller).
P. cJiondrilla, Corda, New South Wales (Mueller).

TJredo, Leveille.
Minute epiphyllous fungi. Eeceptacle formed of several
superimposed irregular cells, each containing a single, simple,
sessile, or very shortly stalked spore.
TI. maydis^ DC, on leaves of Maize, Brisbane Eiyer (Dr. Bancroft)

Thecaphoea, Fing.
Spores oblong or subglobose, smooth or echinulate, agglomerated
together, few or many with more or less angular masses, enclosed
in cysts.

T. gloluligera, B. et Br., n. sp., on Lcersia hexandra, Brisbane
Eiver (Bailey).

Teichoeasis, Leveille.
Spores free ; attached at first to a short peduncle, which at
length falls away.

T. ruligo-vera, Lev., on Semarthria compressa, Brisbane Eiver
(Bailey). The red rust or farmers greatest plague ; spots or
heaps oval, scattered, mostly on the upper surface ; epidermis
at length bursting longitudinally, spores subglobose, redish"
brown.

Melampsoea, Cast.
Spores of two orders, crowded into a dense, compact masSj with
or without a covering, wedge-shaped.

81 ON SOME FTTNGI OF KE"W" SOUTH WALES AKD QUEEN'SLAND,

M. phyllodiorum, B. et Br., on phyllodia or Acacia, Brisbane

Eiver (Bailey).

UsTiLAGO, Link.
Minute fungi, deepl}' seated in tlie tissues o£ tlie plants tliey
infest. Spores simple, arising from delicate threads or produced
in a form of closely packed cells, tliat break up into a powdery
mass.
TT. carlo f TuL, on "Western Queensland specimens of Aristida

(Bailey), var. h^omivora, on Bromus arenarius, Murray Eiver

Journal of Linn. Soc, Bot., XIII., 174 ; var. columellifera,

TuL, Eockbampton, Queensland (Z. c.)
U. avicola, Berk., on Fimhrisfi/lis,'BTisbMie Eiver (Bailey).
TT. segetum, Ditm., corn smut produced on tbe receptacle and

rbacbis ; epidermis soon ruptured ; spores loose, minute

globose, black, on ears of wheat, Darling Downs, Queensland

(Bailey).
U. emndensis, Berk., on Polygonum, Brisbane Eiver (Dr. Bancroft).
U. hullata, Berk., forming long spots on the inflorescence of grasses

Murray Eiver Journal of Linn. Soc, Bot., XIII., 174.

TiLLETIA, Tul.

Spores spherical, reticulated, proceeding from delicate branched
threads.

T. caries, TuL, spores large, black, spherical, filling the grains of
wheat with dark-colored fetid spores: Bunt., Darling Downs
(Bailey).

^CIDIACEI.

Peridium distinctly cellular, mycelium traversing the tissues of
living plants.

^ciDiUM, Per soon.
Peridium membranous, with lacerated reflected orifice. Spores
concatenate, collected into sori.

^. opocynatum, Sehwein., on leaves of Taherncomontana, Brisbane
Scrubs (Bailey).

BY EEV. J. E. TENISON"- WOODS, F.L.S. AKD F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 85

Ceonaetium, Fries.
Spores contained iu a peridium, bursting by st regular or
irregular apical orifice. Perfect spores produced in a columnar,
cellular body called tlie ligule rising out o£ the centre. The most
perfect form of structure in the family.

C. asclepiadeum, Fr., Darling Downs (H. Law.), on Jacksonia
scoparia.

Sub-order lY . — Hyphomtcetes.

Filamentous or floccose fungi. Filaments naked, simple or
branched, free or united below so as to form a distinct stem with
free branches. Spores terminating the filaments.

Tribe Stilbacei.

Eeceptacle globose ; spores minute, involved in gluten, stem
compound.

Stilbum, Tode.
Stalk solid, heads deciduous, gelatinous, spores minute.

S. aurantiaceum,'BevV. ,onLaportia gigas,'¥inoggeY2i^cvvih^{^^2Ji[ej)
S. cinnabarinum, Mont., on bark, Trinity Bay (Bailey).

FusAKiUM, Link.

A form of mould which spreads beneath the cuticle of the plants

upon which they grow in gelatinous spots. One species is most

destructive to the Mulberry, another affects the Rye in some

seasons in England, these have as yet not been found in Australia.

F. rulicolor, B. et Br., a species found on the Eucalypt leaves
its presence is at once detected by the blotches of red which
it forms, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey) n. §.

Illospoeium, Montf.
Eeceptacle obscure ; spores irregular, falling away like meal,
I. -flavellum, B. et. Br., a yellow species often seen on Lichens,
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey) n. s.

86 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Tribe Dematiei.
Filaments free, more or less corticated and carbonized. Spores
often compound and cellular. Black Moulds.

Cladospokium, Link.
Filaments of mycelium divided into short branches, bearing
short 1 — septate deciduous spores.

C. Tierharwni, Lk., mycelium dense dark, filaments pellucid. Spores
olive. The ubiquitous black mould on every thing, frequently
covering the inflorescence of Isclicemwn australe in damp
underground localities in Queensland (Bailey).
C. papyricola, B. et Br., on wall-paper, Brisbane (Bailey) n. sp.

Helminthospoeium, Link.
Like ladosporium, threads less carbonized. From the
mycelium arise rigid erect, jointed threads, of a dark nearly black
color, rather paler at the apex, spores usually produced from the
apex.

a. Bavenelii, Curtis, on various species of Sphorololus, Brisbane
E/iver (Bailey).

Tribe Mucedines.
Filaments not coated with a membrane, distinct, white or
colored. Spores simple. Blue mould.

Aspergillus, Mich.
Threads jointed, swollen at the apex and there studded with
radiating cells, each of which produces a necklace of spores.
A.glaucus, Lk., the common species ; spores globose, echinulate
often on other fungi, Brisbane (Bailey).

Ciecinella, Fries.
G. umhillata, Van. Tieghem and Le Monmer, var. Morelice, B. et
Br., Brisbane, on dung of carpet snake kept in a box at the
Queensland Museum (Bailey, s. n.)

BY EEV. J. E. TENISON-- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 87

Verticillium, Link.
Little moulds known by their distinctly woolly branches, at
the apex of which are the spores.

V. eximium, Berk., a very beautiful species found on Glavaria at
Parramatta by W. WooUs.

OiDiUM, Linh.
This genus is considered by some to be an early stage of some
Erysiphe.

O. Tuckeri, Berk,, Vine mildew.

0. erysiphoides, var. cucurhitarium, Spitzenberger. This form is
in some seasons very destructive to Melons, Vegetable
Marrows, &c. Both about Brisbane.

Spoeidiifeea.
Having the spores or reproductive bodies contained in asci or
bags.

Sub-order V. — Ascomtcetes.
Fruit consisting of asci, containing sporidia, and springing from
a naked or enclosed nucleus or hymenium, which is often spread
over a receptacle.

Helvellacei.
Substance soft, fleshy or waxy. Hymenium more or less
exposed.

MOECHELLA, BUI.

Head deeply pitted, naked, supported on a peduncle. The
depressions are sometimes regular, but occasionally they assume
the appearance of furrows with wrinkled interstices.
Jf. semilihera, DC, Clarence Eiver, Journal of Linnean Society,
Vol. XIII., Botany, page 175.

Peziza, Dillenius.
Cup-shaped fungi. Eeceptacle fleshy or sub-fleshy, at first
closed, then open. Hymenium persistent. Asci distinct, fixed,
mixed with paraphyses, elastically ejecting the spores. A very

88 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW S0T7TH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

large and beautiful genus, found on dung, rotten wood, &c., &c.,

at first sight one might mistake these plants for the apotheeia of

Lichens,

P. confusa, Fr., on damp earth Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

P. (Oupularis) vinosa-hrunnea, B. et Br., 7i. sp., on burnt earth,

Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
P. {Geopyxis) cinereo-nigra^ B, Br., Eedlands Bay, Queensland

(A. J. Boyd).
P. {Lachnea) scutellata, Linn., on Pine bark (Bailey).
P. coprogera, B. Br., on dung Brisbane Eiver (Bailey), n. s.
P. {Humaria) scatigena, Berk., on cow-dung, Ithaca Creek (Bailey)

Cenangium, Fries.

Form of Peziza, but firm, tough and coriaceus. Eeceptacle or
cup closed, opening late. Hymenium smooth persistent.

G. licJienoideum, B. et Br., it forms dense masses of ashy-gray
cups, which are stipitate half in first line, broad resembling
a lichen in appearance, Eanges of Trinity Bay (Bailey).

Phillipsia, Berk.

This is nearly allied to Peziza, but Messrs. Berkeley and Broome
have found it to differ so far as to have founded a new genus
upon it, the characters of which are not as yet published.

P. subpurpurea, B, et Br., n. s., on rotten timber in scrub near
Enoggera dam (Bailey), a very beautiful fungus of a rich
purple color.

Helotium, Fries.

This genus differs from Peziza in its disc being open from the
first, not closed in early growth as in that genus.

H. terrestre, B. et Br., n. s., on damp earth, Taylor's Eange near
Brisbane (Bailey).

BY REV. J. E. TENISOX-WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 89

Tribe Phacidiacei.
Perithecium coriaceous or carbonaceous ; outer coat or
perithecium bursting and exposing the disc, which is surrounded
bj an obtuse or inflected margin.

Ehytisma, Fries,
Perithecia confluent, wrinkled, stroma thin,
B. liypoxantlium, B. et Br., n. s , on leaves of Cudraniajavanensis
Brisbane Eiver (Bailey). This fungus forms thick yellow
patches, dotted with black, on the foliage of the aboTe
rambling shrub.

AsTERiNA, Leveille.
Minute flattened epiphyllous fungi. Perithecia fragile, formed
of a fimbriated mycelium. Asci perfect.

A. Bailey i, B. Br , new species on leaves of JSakea lorea, Spring-
sure (Bailey), Burnet Eiver (Dr. Bancroft), Maroochie
(Bailey).

A. pelUculosa, Berk., on Trema aspera leaves, Maroochie (Bailey).

Sph^riacei.

Perithecium carbonaceous or membranous, pierced at the apex.
Hymenium diffluent. Asci usually springing from its walls.

Hypocrea, Fries.

Eleshy or gelatinous, horizontal fungi, growing on wood &c.
Perithecia tender, hyaline or colored. Sporidia indefinite.
S. memhranacea, B. et Br., n. s., on wood, Brisbane scrubs (Bailey)

Xylaria, Fries.

Club shaped, somewhat corky, often friable fungi, usually
distinctly stipitate, covered with a rufous or black bark. Perithecia
crowded on the surface of the receptacle. Sporidia eight.

X. pileiformis, Berk., on wood, Enoggera Creek (J. E. Mair).
li

90 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

X tahacina, Kick. New Soutli Wales (Mueller).

X 2iolymorpha, Fr., Tweed Eiver (Guilfojde), Brisbane Scrubs

(BaQey).
X hjpoxylon, Ehr., Herbert's Creek (Bowman)
X rhytidophlm, Mont., Enoggera (Bailey).

Hypoxylon, Biilliard.
Cbaracters of Xylaria but horizontal. Stroma not confluent
with the substance of the plant on which it grows.
E. concentricum, Fries, large blackish subglobose, concentrically

zoned within, throughout Queensland (Bailey).
H. rubicosum, F. et Mont., Brisbane Eiver on timber (Bailey).
M. rutikcm, Tulasne, on old wood, Eockhampton (Thozet).

PoRONiA, Fries.

Body cup-shaped, in whioh the vertical perithecia are immersed.

P. ce.dipus, Montague, Gracemere (O'Shanessy).

H. anyolense, Welwitsch et Currey, on logs, Eanges of Trinity

Bay (Bailey).
M. cetrarioides, Welwitsch et Currey, Eanges, Trinity Bay(Bailey).

These specimens were the first found with mature fruit.
H. cretaceum, B. et Br., n. sp., on logs, Eanges, Trinity Bay

(Bailey), This fungus while fresh is pure white, globose or

sub-globose, somewhat stipitate, one to two inches high.

The interior substance is composed of broad, flaky, woody,

but fragile strata, radiating from the stem to the outer

surface, of a pale cork-color.

Nectria, Fries.

Small fungi, on wood bark &c. Perithecia free, seated on a
mycelium, thin, rarely thick, vertical, brightly colored. Sporidia
eight, translucent.

N. coccinea, Fr., on bark, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

BY EEV. J. E. TEXISON- WOODS, F.L.S., AND F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S. 91

Sphceeia, Mailer.
Stroma 0, or spurious, and formed of mycelium. Perithecia
various, vertical, firm, black or dark, often with a bark. Asci
perfect. Sporidia eight.

S. f SuUectaJ 2^ohjascia, B. etBr., on bottle gourd. This is a new
species and not yet described, so the name may not be retained
but is mentioned here to notice the species which forms large
black patches on gourds if left on the field.

Spilerella, De Not.
Perithecia membranaceous, immersed or semi-immersed, scarcely
papillate, sporidia oblong, two or more celled, rarely simple ;
hyaline pale or colorless.

S. destructiva, B. et Br., a black or brown spot-like fungus, very
destructive to Lucerne on the Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).

Peeispoeiacei.

Perithecia free, subglobose, always closed, except when decaying
membranous or carbonaceus. Nucleus never diffluent. Asci
springing from the base.

Meliola, Fries.

Perithecia carbonaceus, fragile, without a pore, developed
from a strigose mycelium. Asci broad. Sporidia few, large.

M. amjihitriclia, Fr., a thready black fungus, often found on the

leaves of scrub shrubs, Brisbane Eiver (Bailey).
M. tetracercB, F. v. M. and Thiimen, New South Wales.

Physomycetes.

Filaments free or slightly matted, bearing vesicles which
contain indefinite sporidia.

Axtexnaeiei.
Filaments black, matted, often moniliform.

92 ON SOME FUNGI OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND,

Antennaria, Linh.

Black fungi, consisting of black jointed, moniliform filaments,
bearing bere and tbere spore-cases full of granules.

A. , allied to A. semiovata, Berk., Brisbane

River (Bailey). Tbis is tbe black fungus wbicb tbickly
coats tbe leaves of plants.

Mycelia.

RhizomorpJia Harrimanni, Sow. Tbis is tbe mycelium of different
species of Xylaria. It may often be noticed quite coatiDg
tbe logs in dense scrub, giving to tbem tbe appearance of
being covered witb tbe skin of some sbaggy animal.

Xylostroma giganteum, Sow., is anotber mycelium, found in old
timber, tbis can often be obtained in very large flakes in
consistency it resembles wasb leatber, but is usually of a
pure wbite.

Addenda.

Podaxon pistillaris, Fries, Nortb Australia (Armit).

Mutinus papuasius, Kalcbb., Eockbampton, (Tbozet).

Talasnodea leprosa, Kalcbb., Gracemere (O'Slianessy).

Sorosporiiim eriachnei, Tbiimen, New Soutb Wales (Mueller).

Sporotrichum densicm, Link., New Soutb Wales (Mueller).

Bisporum motiilioides, Corda, New Soutb Wales (Mueller) .

Hymenangiiim Mbselei, Berk, and Br., Parramatta (Moseley).

Sepedonium, Berk., found in old ^o^(9^i.' composed of loose brancbed
tbreads witb large ecbinate spores at tip.

S. cJirysospenmim, Link., Parramatta (Moseley), see Jour. Linn
Soc, Vol. 16.

93

Description of a new species of Oligortjs from Queensland.
ByE. p. Kamsay, F.L.S., &c., Curator of the Museum, Sydney.

Plate IX.

Oliqorus terr^-regin^, sp. nov.

D. 11/15. P. 18. A. 3/8.

The head compressed and broad in front, its length equal to
the extent of the spinous dorsal, from the base of first to the end
of the last spine ; and one-third of the total length without the
caudal. The height of the body is contained three and two-thirds
in the total length (s. c.) . The diameter of the eye is one-tenth of
the length of the head, and is situated close to the front, being
only one-fifth of its diameter from the margin of the forehead.
Nostrils large, close to the eye. A strong blunt spine on the
point or hinder angle of the operculum, reaching to beyond the
base of the pectorals, another flat, well-developed spine above it
and a little in front of it. The hinder margin of the preopereulum
rough, irregularly and coarsely serrated ; the lower margin wavy
and irregular, somewhat smooth. Teet;i viliform (no canines) in
both jaws, and on a narrow lanceolate band on either side, of
the palate ; none on the tongue ; mouth oblique, the length of
the upper jaw equal to the width across the mouth, lower jaw
the longest. Scales small, narrow, oblong, strongly compressed
one against the other, from 120 to 130 on the lateral line, 16-17
scales between the lateral line and the fifth dorsal spine. Scales on
the head, cheeks, operculum and preopereulum. Branchiostigals
seven. Pectoral and caudal fins large, rounded, spotted with
blackish, the spinous portion of the dorsal, as measured above,
equal to the length of the head ; the first and second spine shorter
than the third, the eleventh the longest ; the soft dorsal is well-
developed, higher than the last of the spinous portion, and extends
almost to the caudal, the membrane indistinctly spotted with
blackish.

94 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF OLIGORUS,

The general colour is of a rich brown, shaded with purplish-
brown on the back, a few indistinct (when dead) transverse almost
black marks on the sides. The total length with caudal, of the
type specimen is six feet ; the height of the body, behind the
ventrals, sixteen inches ; diameter of the eye 2*2 inches ; the
third dorsal spine 3'4 inches, the last 4*5 inches ; extent of the
spinous dorsal at base 19-5 inches; the longest ray of the soft
dorsal 7*2 inches ; first ray 6*7 inches, the last 3-8 inches. Width
of the pectoral fins 9 inches, length 1 1 inches ; width (transverse)
of the caudal 14-5 inches, length centre ray 10-5. The length of
the head to the end of the spine on the operculum is 22 inches.

The size to which this species attains, exceeds that of any other
known. It is found at the mouths of several of the northern rivers
and inlets of the Wide Bay district in Queensland ; it was found
to be plentiful at the mouth of the Burrum Eiver, about twenty
miles from Maryborough, Queensland, and first brought under
my notice by my brothers, who obtained many of immense size
at that place in 1870. The present specimen was forwarded to
me in the flesh by an unknown accquaintance, a few days ago
from Brisbane, to whom I take the present opportunity of
expressing my sincere thanks. It has been beautifully mounted
by Mr. J. A. Thorpe, the Museum Taxidermist, and is now on
exhibition in the Australian Museum.

I have compared this new species with all the Australian
species previously known and also with the Oligorus (Sectoria)
[jigas of Owen, from all of which it is distinct.

My brother, Mr. J. S. Eamsay, informs me that he has caught
the same species in sea- water off Frazer's Island, also at Traviston
and that they ascend the Mary Biver into brackish water near
the township, where a specimen said to weigh three cwt. was
caught some time ago. In the fresh- water of the Mary E,iver
and in Tinnana Creek, one of its tributaries, Cod of apparently
the same species are occasionally taken. During a recent excursion

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S. 95

to Frazer's Island large specimens were hooked which, resisted all
the efforts of two strong men to land them, and being made fast
finally broke away. One fish landed about 4*5 feet long, weighed
160 pounds, and remains of another 10 feet long were found on
the beach.

Notes on Galeocerdo rayneri, with a list of other Sharks
TAKEN IN Port Jackson.

By E. p. Eamsay, F.L.S., &c., &c.

Plate IV.

When I prepared the sketches for the plates which accompany
these few remarks, I was under the impression that this was a
new species of Thalassorhinus, but subsequently found it described
under the above name, indeed the genera Galeocerdo and
Thalassorhimis are almost identical. The description given in
Mueller and Henle of Thalassorhinus platyrhynchus almost agrees
with the present species.

A large number of Sea Sharks have lately been captured in
Port Jackson and among them three of the present species, which
has not been previously recorded from this locality ; the largest
specimen I have seen, measured in the flesh 12 feet, the fpresent
specimen 11 feet 4 inches to the centre of the caudal fin. The
rounded parabolic form of the head, the form of the tail and shape
of the teeth, will at once distinguish this species from all others
known at present in these waters.

The following are the measurements of a male taken among
the shipping in Port Jackson : — Total length 1 1 feet 4 inches.
From the outer edge of the snout to the first dorsal 3 feet 6 inches.
Length of the first dorsal 14-15 inches, its width at base 11 inches.
Length of pectoral 19 inches, width 11 inches; width between
the eyes 1 6 inches, from a line b etween the eyes to the snout 8
inches, width between the nostrils 7 inches, a long labial fold

96 NOTES ON GALEOCERDO RAYNERI,

above the mouth, shorter and wider below, extending round the
angle of the mouth ; a deep pit at the root of the tail above and
below, a narrow erect ridge between the dorsals.

The color is, above bluish-grey, below silvery- white. Teeth
in eleven rows — the central ones above and below very small —
oblique, with a large and strongly serrated, lateral, external lobe
pointing outwards ; the base broad, in form somewhat triangular.
The spiracle is conspicuous, it is a narrow, curved slit, three-
quarters of an inch long, situated a little below and behind the
eye. The claspers are long, round, comparatively short for the
size of the fish, with an oblique, curved, linear groove. The
snout is as broad as long, the nostrils situated near the mouth.

Port Jackson and the waters of the adjacent Coast abound in
Sharks of a large size and of great beauty.

It may be interesting to note some of the species with which
we are blessed, I therefore give the following list of those
recently obtained in Port Jackson alone, with the lengths of some
of the largest :

Carcharias macklotii . . . . Length 3ft.
,, gangeticus
,, Irachyurus

Galeus australis . .

Galeocerdo rayneri

Zygmna leuwinii * . .

Lamna glauca

Carcharodon rondeletii

Odontaspis americanus f . .

Alopecias vulpei . .

Notidanus indicus . .

* W. H. Haswell, M.A., the accomplished Curator of the Brisbane Museum
informs me that he has recently secured a specimen of this species 10
feet in length.

t Baron N. de M.-Maclay makes of this a new species under the name of 0.
cinerea.

3ft.

1 cyfu.

5ft.

7in.

lift.

6in. and 12ft.

5ft.

7ft.

6in.

10ft.

lOin.

8ft.

6ft.

9in.

6ft.

4in.

BY E. P. RAMSAY, F.L.S.

97

2ft.

3ft.

6ft. Sin.

4ft.

3ft. 6m.

3ft. 9iii.

3ft. 6m.
3ft. 6in.

Scyllmn onaculatum
Cheloscyllium furvum \
Crossorhinus harhatics
Seterodontus philippi
,, galeatus

? Rhina squatina . .
Mustelus antarcticus
Fristiopliorus cirratus

Twenty species in all. Baron N. de M. Maelay and tlie
Hon. Wm. Macleay have already given us some valuable and
interesting details on our Australian Sharks, which will be found
in a previous number of our proceedings.

Plate ly.
Fig. 1 . — Shows the general outline of the fish.
,, 2. — The form of the head.
,, 3. — The nostril.
,, 4. — Teeth of the upper jaw.
,, 5. — Teeth of the lower jaw.
,, 6. — Shows the outhne of the parabolic form of the head.

On some new Amphipods prom Australia and Tasmania.

By William A. Haswell, M.A., B.Sc, Curator of the
Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Plates y.— YII.
Talitrus assimilis, sp. nov., Plate y., fig. 1.
Distinguished from T. sylvaticus, which it otherwise very closely
resembles, by the form of the posterior gnathopoda — the meros
having a truncate process below, the carpus having its lower
border convex, and the propodos having a longitudinal, hairy
ridge.

% A new species, closely allied to C. modestum, Gimth.

98 ON SOME NEW AMPHIPODS FEOM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

Hob. Tasmania (Australian Museum, collected by Mr. Kendall
Broadbent).

Talorcbestia limicola, s'p. nov., Plate V., fig. 2.
Male. — Superior antennge as long as tbe cepbalon and first
segment of the pereion, flagellum as long as the last two segments
of tbe peduncle, of five articuli. Inferior antennae four times as
long as the superior j)air, peduncle and flagellum sub-equal, the
latter consisting of twelve articuli. Anterior gnathopoda having
the carpus produced below into a rounded prominence, the
propodos sub-quadrate, broader distally than proximally, palm
transverse ; dactylos well-developed. Posterior gnathopoda with
the propodos large, sub-quadrate, broader distally than proximally;
palm transverse, armed externally with two rounded teeth,
separated by a deep excavation from the rest of the palmar
border ; dactylos powerful, pointed, as long as the palm, provided
internally with a rounded protuberance.

Female. — Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus and proj^odos
of nearly equal length, the former sub-triangular ; the propodos
long-ovate, with two hair-armed serrations on its upper and lower
borders ; dactylos two-thirds of the length of the propodos,
acuminate. Posterior gnathopoda small, carpus and propodos
sub-equal ; the latter with an obscure, downwardly projecting
process at its distal extremity ; dactylos short, articulating near
the middle of the lower border of the propodos, and not nearly
attaining the distal extremity of the latter. Length 7/20 in.

Sah. Mangrove-swamps, near Bowen, Queensland, under
decaying wood, etc.

This species is distinguished from T. quadrimana, Dana, by the
form of the palm and dactylos of the posterior gnathopoda in
both sexes.

Talorchestia terrte-reginse, 5j?. oiov., Plate V., fig. 4.
Male. — Superior antennae rather longer than the cephalon ;
flagellum as long as the last two segments of the peduncle, of

BY "W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc.

99

six to eiglit articuli. Inferior antennsa more than four times as
long as the superior pair ; flagellum as long as the last segment
of the peduncle, of about 20 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda with
the carpus longer than the propodos, the latter slightly curved
downwards, narrow, of nearly uniform breadth from end to end,
sHghtly dilated at the infero-distal angle ; palm transverse ;
dactylos longer than the palm. Posterior gnathopoda with the
propodos large, heart-shaped, the palm oblique, armed with short
bristles, and provided near the distal end with a prominent,
compressed, curved process which lies in an open hollow of the
opposed border of the dactylos when the hand is closed.

Female. — Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus longer than the
propodos, both narrow and armed with a few stout setfe. Posterior
gnathopoda with the propodos provided with a short rounded
projection directed upwards, at the distal end of its dorsal border ;
extremity of dactylos scarcely reaching the distal extremity of
the propodos. Length 2/5 in.

Hah. Port Denison, Queensland, on sandy beach.

Talorchestia ? marmorata, sp. nov.^ Plate V., fig. 3.

Male. — Superior antennae longer than the cephalon ; flagellum
rather longer than the last segment of the peduncle, composed of
five articuli. Inferior antennae rather more than three times as
long as the superior pair ; peduncle stout ; flagellum as long as
the peduncle, composed of about 17 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda
with the carpus sub -triangular, its infero-distal angle produced
into a compressed, rounded process ; the propodos sub-equal with
the carpus, much broader distally than proximally, the infero-
distal angle produced and rounded ; the palm transverse, armed
with short setae ; the dactylos well-developed, shorter than the
palm. Posterior gnathopoda large ; carpus minute, propodos
heart-shaped, the palm oblique, armed with numerous short setae,
and defined by a minute acute tooth. Pereiopoda very thick,

100 ON SOME NEW AMPHXPODS FROM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

base of last pair not dilated behind. The whole of the integument
very hard. Colour marbled red and white. Length 13/20 in.

Sal. Tasmania (Australian Museum), collected by Mr. Kendall
Broadbent.

Talorchestia pravidactyla, 5^. nov.^ Plate V., fig. 5.

Male. — Superior antennae scarcely so long as the cephalon and
the first segment of the pereion ; flagellum as long as the last
two segments of the peduncle, composed of seven articuli. Inferior
antennae more than thi-ee-times as long as the superior pair ; last
segment of the peduncle more than twice as long as the penulti-
mate ; flagellum as long as the last segment of the peduncle, of
21 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda with the propodos broader
distally than proximally, the infero-distal angle produced into a
short narrow process ; palm transverse, concave ; dactylos acute,
rather longer than the palm. Posterior gnathopoda having the
propodos large, heart shaped, the palm oblique, defined by a
blunt tooth, with a second tooth close to it on the distal side, and
a rounded elevation about the middle ; dactylos geniculate, its
apex lying between the two palmar teeth when the hand is closed.
Last pair of pereiopoda with the bases dilated posteriorly.

Female. — Inferior antennae much smaller than in the male.
Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus much longer and broader
than the propodos, the latter about twice as long as broad, rather
narrower at its distal, than at its proximal end. Posterior
gnathopoda with the propodos narrow, thrice as long as broad,
the dactylos very short, inserted nearer the distal end than the
middle of the ventral border of the propodos. Length 13/20 in.

Kah. Tasmania (Australian Museum).

Talorchestia quadrimana, var. ? Plate VI., fig. 1.
Differs from the New South Wales species in the smaller size of
the posterior gnathopoda of the male, and in various minor points.

Hah, Port Denison,

BY "W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 101

Genus Aspedophoeeia, novum.

Coxae of the posterior gnathopoda and of the first and second
pairs of pereiopoda greatly expanded, deeper than the respective
segments, those of the three last pairs of pereiopoda small, that
of the third pair bilobed — the posterior lobe larger than the
anterior. Antennae simple ; the superior pair shorter than the
inferior. Mandibles without an appendage. Maxillipedes with
a pointed dactylos. Gnathopoda sub-chelate — the posterior pair
much larger than the anterior. Posterior pleopoda uniramous —
the ramus uniarticulate. Telson squamiform, cleft to the base.

This genus differs from Stenothoe, Dana, in having the ramus
of the last pair of pleopods uniarticulate ; in most of its characters
it approaches AUorchestes — being distinguished from that genus
only by the largely developed anterior coxse, and the character
of the telson.

Aspidophoreia diemenensis, sp. un., Plate VI., fig. 2.
Superior antennae as long as the cephalon and the first segment
of the pereion, rather longer than the peduncle of the inferior
pair ; flageUum longer than the peduncle, of about 20 articuli.
Inferior antennae with the peduncle stout, the fourth joint the
largest; flageUum slightly shorter than the peduncle, of about
20 articuli. Anterior gnathopoda with the carpus sub-triangular
in outline ; the propodos larger than the carpus, irregularly
triangular, palm transverse, deeply concave. Posterior gnathopoda
large ; propodos heart-shaped, palm oblique, armed with short
bristles. Basa of three posterior pairs of pereiopoda broad, that
of the fifth pair much expanded behind ; their anterior borders
serrate and armed with setae, the posterior border smooth. Eamus
of last pair of pleopoda short, conical,' acute. Telson consisting
of two quadrangular scales, separated by a linear fissure. Surface
(in the spirit specimen) ornamented with marbled spots of red,
brown, and white, and ornamented with numerous, very minute,
white dots, arranged in clusters of three or four. Length 4/5 in.

102 ON SOME NEW AMPHIPODS FROM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

Kdb. Tasmania (Australian Museum, collected by Mr. K.
Broadbent).

Atylus microdeuteropus, s^. nov.^ Plate VI., fig. 3
Eyes oval, large, but separated by a broad space above.
Superior antennae ratber longer tban the cepbalon and first three
segments of tbe pereion, tbe flagellum nearly twice as long as
the peduncle, its articuli armed distally with short hairs above
and below — every third or fourth having its distal and inferior
angle dilated and crowned with auditory cilia. Inferior antennse
about haK the length of the animal, the flageUum more than
twice as long as the peduncle. Anterior gnathopoda with the
propodos ovate, the palm oblique, with three short spines near its
proximal end ; a strong appressed spine on the propodos over the
insertion of the dactylos ; dactylos toothed internally. Posterior
gnathopoda rather smaller than the anterior pair, propodos ovate.
armed with three stout spines near the distal extremity of the
palm ; palm oblique ; dactylos toothed internally. Pami of the
last pair of pleopoda armed laterally with a few short setae in the
axil of each of which is situated a delicate hair. Length nearly
1/4 inch.
Kab. Clark Island, Port Jackson ; Botany Bay.

Atylus megalophthalmus, sp. 7iov., Plate VI., fig. 4.

Eyes very large. Superior antennae as long as the cephalon
and pereion ; flagellum twice as long as the peduncle, every
second articulus very slightly dilated at its inferior and distal
angle. Inferior antennae longer than the superior pair, the
flagellum about three times as long as the peduncle. Gnathopoda
subequal — the posterior pair slightly smaller than the anterior ;
propodos ovate, armed with a few plumose setae, palm oblique,
undefined. Last pair of pleopods with the rami armed along
their edges with numerous serrations, each with a short seta in
the axil of Tvhich is inserted a delicate hair. Length about 1/4 in.

BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 103

Kdb. Clark Island, Port Jackson.

TMs and the preceding are very variable species, the size of
the eyes and their degree of approximation above, the length of
the antennae and the form of the gnathopoda being aU subject to
considerable variations.

Pherusa australis, sp. nov., Plate YII., fig. 1.

Six anterior segments narrow; the four following broad.
Cephalon with a small rostrum. Superior antennae nearly as
long as the cephalon and pereion ; first two joints of the peduncle
stout ; third small, scarcely distinguishable from the articuli of
the flagellum ; flagellum slender, about twice as long as the
peduncle. Inferior antennae slightly longer than the superior
pair ; flagellum scarcely twice as long as the peduncle. Anterior
gnathopoda with the propodos ovate, the palm oblique, undefined,
armed with short setae. Posterior gnathopoda larger than the
anterior pair, the propodos ovate, dilated proximally, armed with
a few short setae and hairs towards the palmar border ; palm
oblique, undefined. Fifth pair of pereiopoda much longer than
the preceding pairs ; the dactylos elongate, slender, straight.
Last pair of pleopoda with the rami lanceolate, acute, each armed
on the inner border with three setae. Length 1/5 in.

Hah. Botany Bay.

Moera crassipes, sp. nov., Plate YII., fig. 2.

Antennae sub-equal, nearly as long as the cephalon and pereion,
fringed below with long slender hairs. First pair of gnathopoda
with the carpus and propodos sub-equal, their upper border nearly
straight, the lower strongly convex. Posterior pair of gnathopoda
unequal, the right much larger than the left ; the palm deeply
concave, with a minute tooth about its middle, and defined with
a second, prominent, acute tooth. Fourth and fifth pairs of
pereiopoda very much longer and broader than the rest, the fourth
pair the broadest. Eami of last pair of pleopoda broad-lanceolatO;

104 ON SOME NEW AMPHIPODS FROM AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA,

rather short. Halves of telson conical, each tipped with a stout
spine.

Sal. Port Jackson.

Cyrtophium (?) hystrix, sp. nov., Plate YII., fig. 3.

Cephalon, pereion and first two segments of pleon armed with
prominent spines on the dorsal and lateral surfaces ; lateral
borders of the second to the sixth segments of the pereion produced
outwards and upwards, acuminate. Coxae of the pereiopoda
each armed with a small point in its lower border. Antennce
stout, superior pair as long as the cephalon and pereion, basal
joint of the peduncle short, with an acute spine above ; third
joint the longest ; flagellum shorter than the last segment of the
peduncle. Inferior antennae longer than the superior pair, very
stout, fifth joint of the peduncle longer than the fourth, flagellum
much shorter than the last segment of the peduncle. Anterior
gnathopoda with the carpus and propodos sub-equal, both armed
ventrally with a row of setae, palm straight, oblique ; dactylos
longer than palm. Posterior gnathopoda with the carpus very
small, the propodos large, ovate, narrower at its distal than at its
proximale end, palm nearly longitudinal, undefined. Pereio^^oda
subequal, the fourth pair longer than the preceding, the joints
broad, the dactylos very stout. Penultimate pair of pleopoda
with two unequal rami, the outer shorter and narrower than the
inner, tipped with two acute bristles^ the inner broad, armed
terminally and internally with a few strong bristles. Last pair
of pleopoda uniramous, minute, almost concealed under the broad
rounded telson.

Hob, Port Jackson.

The absence of the fourth segment of the pleon is probably
sufficiently important to separate this species from the genus
Cyrtophium of Dana (to which, however, it otherwise bears a close
resemblance ; but, having but a single, somewhat mutilated

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BY W. A. HASWELL, M.A., B.Sc. 105

specimen, I have been unwilling for the present to give it a
distinct generic name.

Explanation of Plates.
In all the figures 6^.= superior antennae ; ^.=inferior antennae;
/.=anterior gnathopoda ; <7.=posterior gnathopoda; ^.=sixth
pleopoda ; :r.=telson.

Plate Y.
Fig, 1. — Talitrus assimilis, gnathopoda.
,, 2. — Talorchestia Umicola, five times natural size.
,, 3. — Talorchestia marmoraia, three times the natural size.
,, 4. — Talorchestia terrce-regincB^ four times the natural size.
,, 5. — Talorchestia pravidactijla, four times the natural size.

Plate YI.
Fig. 1. — Talorchestia quadrimana, var. ? details magnified 25
diameters.
,, 2. — Aspidophoreia diemenensis, three times the natural size.
,, 3. — Atijlus microdeuteropus, eight times the natural size.
,, 4. — Atijlus megalophthalmus, eight times the natural size;/'
and g' gnathopoda of variety.

Plate Vn.
Fig. 1. — Phericsa australis.
„ 2. — Moera crassipes.
,, 3. — Cyrtophium hjstrix, magnified about 25 diameters.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Mr. Eamsay for Dr. Cox — Several fine live specimens of an
Astacopsis from Mount Wilson.

Mr. Masters — a rare and beautiful pigeon Phcenorhina Goliath.

From Mr. Armstrong of Lord Howe's Island, specimens of
CoSee and Arrowroot produced on that Island.

106 ON THE LITTORAL FATJNA OF N. E. ATJSTRALIA,

WEDNESDAY, MAECH 31st, 1880.

The President, tlie Eev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, F.a.S., F.L.S.,
&c., in tlie Chair.

G. D. Hirst, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.

DONATIONS.

From Baron F. von. Mueller, K.O.M.G., Eucalyptographia, IV.
Decade.

From Harvard College, Three Nos. of the Bulletin -of Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Vol. V., No. 15, and Vol. VI., Nos. 1
and 2.

From Capt. F, W. Hutton, Otago, Zoological Exercises for
Students in New Zealand.

From J. Brazier, Esq., Brief account of the Natives of Western
Australia.

Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Compte Eendu. Serie II.
Nos. 69—72.

papers read.
On some of the Littoral Marine Fauna of North-East

ausstralia.
By the Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c..
President Linn. Soc, N.S.W.
During the years 1875-76, 1 was partly engaged in investigating
the littoral marine fauna of Tasmania, and my observations have
been published in the Transactions of the Eoyal Society of
Tasmania for 1876, and those of the Eoyal Society of New South
Wales for last year. I was very glad of an opportunity recently
afforded me for examining the Coast Shells of North-East Australia
not only because this part of the continent has been so little
visited, but also for the sake of comparing results obtained from
these two extremes. It may be observed that though the tropical
coasts of Australia, have been visited and examined by such

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 107

accomplislied naturalists as Huxley, Jukes, Darwin, McGillivray,
Mosely, Dana, and others, yet the Littoral Shells have never been
specially studied. There are so many other objects of great
importance and interest in these localities that the littoral fauna
has been passed over, and so I find the field quite untrodden.

The places to which my observations more especially refer are
from Trinity Bay to the Endeavour Eiver, a distance, in a straight
line, of about 100 miles, and lying between S, Lat. 17° and 15°
30'. There are only a few places on this coast line where an
examination is possible, as not only are there few settlements,
but the coast itself is as a rule inaccessible, and the natives
implacably hostile. There are thi'ee different kinds of littoral
fauna to be seen. One is on the coral reefs. There is not much
of this close in shore, but occasionally fringing reefs are found.
I shall not deal with these in detail, because I purpose making
them the subject of a series of special papers. There are two
others which bear marked and distinct characters, that is the
mangrove fauna and that of the exposed rocky coast. Sandy
beaches are rare in this part of the coast of Australia. Generally
speaking the precipitous hills of the cordillera seem to plunge
direct into the sea and are covered with the dense jungle of
tropical vegetation to the very water's edge. Still there are some
fine sandy beaches, such as at the mouth of the Endeavour, the
Bloomfield, the Daintree, and the Mossman Elvers, besides a
magnificent stretch of sandy beach in the south side of Island
Point, Trinity Bay. For the whole of these distances there are
no signs of upheaval or subsidence, but a gradual reclamation of
the land by the drifting up of marine sand. The rocks wherever
exposed are volcanic or granite. They are ancient in appearance.
There are no recent dolerites, such as we so frequently observe
on the south coast.

The first thing that strikes the observer is the bare character
of the rocks in many places. One frequently meets with spots
where there is not a single mollusc to be seen adhering to the

108 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. ATJSTRALIA,

cliffs and "boulders along the shore. A few serpulse and a number
of a small species of Balanus may be noticed, but no molluscs and
no seaweeds. The broad green fronds of the Ulva latissima so
frequently covering the rocks in temperate latitudes, are absent
as well as the confervoid growth of the sides of the rocky pools.
The comparative absence of Algae and Confervse prevails every-
where as much around the coral reefs as on the rocky shores, but
in the latter places, the mollusca vary in amount. Along the
black rocky boulders of Island Point, Port Douglas, molluscan
life is very abundant. A very large portion of the rocks is
literally covered with a species of oyster. In habit and in mode
of aggregation it is closely similar to the Port Jackson oyster,
Ostrea mordax, Gould, but it is a different and probably described
species. The edges of the valve are much more regularly undulate
so as to have a frilled appearance, and the lower or adherent
valve is subquadrate, and the edge comes up squarely all round
just like a little box into which the upper, free valve fits like a
lid. I believe it to be Ostrea cucullata, of Born (J/?<s. p. 114, plate
6, figs. 11 and 12) and Chemnitz Ostrea cornuco^icB (Conch. Cab.
8, p. 41, plate 74, f. 679). Born describes it as '' SheU oblong,
parasitical, with longitudinal plaits and strong imbricated, trans-
verse wrinkles ; upper valve flat, and its margin by the hinge
somewhat toothed." In the figure of Born the lower valve is
concave and ends in a long beak. This is a common form but not
the usual one. It is quoted by various authors as from the
Atlantic (West coast of Africa), Ascension Island, China, Arabia,
and Sumatra. Humphreys (Conchology, or Natural History of
Shells) says it is found in the South seas. I observed the same
species in many places on blocks of dead coral on the reefs,
in fact it seems to be abundant everywhere upon the coast within
the tropics. It is of delicate flavour, and highly prized by the
inhabitants, both black and white.

Next to this in abundance upon the rocks is Flaraxis sulcata,
called perrywinkle by the settlers, and is boiled and eaten in

BY THE REV. J, E. TETaSON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 109

considerable quantity. There are places on tlie rocks just above
the tidal marks -wliere a basket can be filled in a few minutes by
sweeping one's band along the sui^face. They are packed quite
close together. I shall add a few remarks upon the genus and
species further on, but I may observe now that the habits of this
mollusc are entirely those of the LiUorina, which it almost
completely replaces in the tropics. It extends abundantly, to my
knowledge as far south as Moreton Bay. It reaches a larger
size than LiUorina ccendescens, of our coasts. It was my impression
at first that the Littorinas of our south coasts and of Tasmania
were not found within the tropics. But with a very careful search
I was able to discover here and there solitary examples of
LiUorina ccerulescens. When dwarfed in size, it was somewhat
rugged with lines of growth showing how slow was its progress,
and sometimes curiously mottled with brown. On the reefs it
was occasionally met with, but a much finer and more solid shell
with very little of the elegant bluish- white tint so common on all
the south coasts. This shell reaching its maximum of develop-
ment in South Tasmania, and as I believe with Deshayes and
others, identical with L. ccerulescens of the Mediterranean, andX.
mauritiana of the Cape, as far as Natal. I have paid some
attention to this little species, and have watched the effect of
climate upon it with interest. Just as we notice the old residents
of North Australia by their peculiar aspect, so we may notice the
old established LiUorina. It is evident that certain rocks do not
agree with it, and few are foimd to live within their limits, and
those only in a stunted, distorted condition. I was inclined to
think that LiUorina injramidata, Quoy, had entirely died out.
This is the pagoda-like perrywinkle, with the double line of
tubercles on the body whorl, and an elegant single row upon the
spine ; I soon found that I was mistaken. It is somewhat common
at Port Douglas, though I never saw it anywhere else, and it
never attains one-fourth the size of the Port Jackson specimens.
The distribution of this species is remarkable. In South

110 ON THE LITTORAL T ATTN A. OF N. E. ATJSTRALLA.,

Tasmania it is unknown, on tlie east coast it is very rare, and
then they are only poor, small, and distorted specimens. About
the region of Port Jackson it attains its maximum of development
and is sometimes an inch and more in length. But it is not
common inside the harbour. It is only seen at intervals along
the east coast and I did not notice it about Cape Moreton or in
Moreton Bay. I did not see it at any place on the coast, except
Port Douglas, and there the size never exceeded a quarter of an
inch. The climate appears to stunt its growth completely, though
preserving its colour and shape. The result is interesting as a
climatial influence if we compare its efiorts with what we should
witness if particular regions were to affect horses or cattle in a
similar way. In contrast with this we have a remarkable
illustration of the effects of climate in an exactly different manner.
The rocks are frequently covered with a large species of Acmcea,
which may have been described many times by different observers
as it varies so much. It is common on all parts of the east coast
which I have visited and equally common on Tasmania. It
passes into Bass' Straits, but is not common on the south coast.
In Tasmania it may be seen at its lowest state. It is small,
irregular in growth, very much stunted, and sordid in appearance.
Though not at all uncommon it is not easy to recognize on the
rocks. The best point of resemblance throughout is the peculiar
mottled spathula which is very characteristic and never can be
mistaken. It is a true Acmcea, with the giU plume at the back of
the neck, and by this feature also and the peculiar ribbed structure
it can always be known. As it is traced northward from the
extreme south of Tasmania, where I first saw it and described it
as a new species under the name of Acmcea marmorata. (See Proc.
Boy. Soc. Tas. 1875, p. 153.)itgradually increases in size and the
colors of the shell become brighter and more clear. It can be
thus followed over the Straits and on to the Australian coast. It
receives its maximum of development in North-east Australia ;
thus inhabiting a line of coast from South Tasmania to Cape

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. Ill

York, a distance of very near 3,000 miles. It is evidently a
tropical species, and grows largest and is in the finest condition
within the tropics. I do not think that an impartial person could
avoid recognizing it as one species, even though a comparison
were instituted between specimens from the two extremes, that
is from South Cape in Tasmania and Cape York in Australia. It
is not very common at Port Douglas, of large size — (1| "ich in
length) — and of bright colours. The brown spots in the spathula
are paler and more distant, and all the colouring is more distinct.
The radula or lingual ribbon is exactly similar in the sj)ecimens
wherever they are obtained. We have therefore in this an
example of a species which thrives through a very wide area, but
is evidently better adapted for a warm climate. The case is thus
the reverse of the Littorina pyramidata.

But we have another example on this coast which is different
again. Acmcea septiformis, Quoy and Graimard, is as all naturalists
are aware very common on all the coasts of Southern and South-
eastern Australia and Tasmania. It is not so well-known that it
is found at intervals aU along the coast into the tropics. At Port
Douglas it is very common in places, but generally far up on the
rocks and not very easy to discover. It is neither smaller nor
larger than the specimens in my possession from the coldest part
of Tasmania, and it does not seem to have varied in its colouring.
That is to say it is as variable on the North Coast as on the South,
but much within the same limits. It has always been my
impression that no distinction could be made between this species
and A. testudinaria, of Muller, which is so common in Great
Britain, and since our species can be traced in the hottest as well
as the coldest seas in Australia, without alteration, and on
thousands of miles of coast we may well beHeve that it is of world-
wide distribution.

I call attention here to these facts, because they show how no
general rule can be adopted for the way in which mollusca are
affected by climate. We have thus — 1. Acm(Ba marmorata, which

112 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E- AUSTRALIA,

is stunted in a cold climate to a fourth its size, and readies its
maximum of development in tlie tropics. 2. Littorina pyramidata
which, reaches its maximum of development in the temperate
seas of Australia, and is dwarfed and deformed in the tropics.
3. AcmcBa septiformis, which ranges through every climate from
the extreme of cold to the extreme of heat, and is not affected by
climate at all.

The conclusions to be drawn from these facts are far more
important than would aj)pear at first sight. We are accustomed
to say that certain shells are tropical in character, and indicate a
tropical fauna, and this would appear justifiable as far as the
present fauna of Australia is concerned, but when we apply it to
geology the conclusions are not by any means so certain. There
may be species with a very wide range, and the development of
one species which we are inclined to refer to the influence of
warmer seas, may be from quite a contrary course. We have an
instance of this in Pectuiiculus laUcostatus, Lam., which is found
extensively developed in our Tertiary rocks, but principally in
the Miocene of Yictoria. It is still found on the coasts of Australia
but rarely, and of small size. But its maximum development
is now in New Zealand, where it reaches as large a size as any
of the fossil forms, but generally in the colder parts of the Middle
Island coast.

We have only one Patella on the coast of Trinity Ba}^, that is to
say only one true Patella, with the gills as a fringe round the foot.
This is P. tigrina ? Grm., with its very conspicuous, silvery- white
nacre. It is a shell of moderate size and not very common, gener-
ally preferring the very outermost rocks where it is washed by
the spray of even low tides. The older shells are much corroded,
one distinguishing feature about the species is the well-defined
spathula which is of light brown color, and has even the impression
of the tentacles on each side of the head. It would seem as if
the spathula is caused by some corrosive action of the mantle on
the sheU, because on old shells a slight pressure from the inside

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 113

will make it break clean away. The radula of this species is short
in comparison with P. tramoserica, being seldom over three inches
in length.

A mollusc, which is here in far greater abundance than any of
the PafellidcB whose form it resembles, is a species of Siphonaria.
It would be very diflficult to assign a name to it without consider-
able study into the claims of species, but I certainly think it is
only one of the many varieties which from time to time have been
distinguished by the names of S. diemene7isis, Baconi, funiculata,
and many other s-^nonyms. It is a ribbed shell, with white ribs
and brown insterstices, but I cannot see any or even much
difference between the varieties that have been named. It is just
as common within the tropics as all along the east and south
coasts of Australia and Tasmania. The animal is the same in
every respect and the radula also. I think the tj'pical specimens
have a little advantage in point of size, but that is the only
difference I can detect. It is more numerous than any of the
Patellidcd, and this holds good of every part of the coast which I
visited, within the Barrier Eeef , but I have not often found it on
coral reefs or anywhere except rocks, fringing the shore above
the tidal marks. I consider it as especially characterizing the
littoral fauna of Australia. I am not aware whether or not it
has been remarked that the genus Siphonania is more peculiar to
the Southern hemisphere than the Northern.

In estimating the peculiarities of the littoral fauna at Island
Point, Port Douglas, it must be borne in mind that the rock
formation may have something to do with it. That formation is
a dark phonolite stone which does not easily decompose, neither
does it give rise apparently to much ferruginous earth or clay.
Yet I attribute something to its influence. It abounds with
Planaxis sulcata, as I have already remarked, the Patellidcd are
also abundant, so are oysters and several species of Nerita to be
mentioned presently. On the coral reefs close at hand there are
equal numbers of oysters. Patellidcd are not common, though not

114 ox THE LITTOR.IL FAUNA OF X. E. AI7STR.VLIA,

entirely absent. Here and there you meet witli Planaxis, but no
JVerita, and Littorina ccenilescenH is quite a different sliell : large,
solid, ivory-wliite, witli tbe pur]ile-brown markings of the interior
and the rose spots near the moutli very brilliant and distinct.
The rock cf the coral reefs is a light-brown mass of coral and
coral sand, and for the most part is covered at high water. This
may be one of the reasons why there are so few littoral shells.
But even on those reefs where a portion of the rock is always
uncovered, Siplionaria is nearly the only species that is common,
besides oysters.

There are four or five species of Nerita on the Port Douglas
rocks. They are generally congregated together above high
water mark in groups of 20 or 30. Nerita costata is the most
common. This species is distinguished by its uniform, dull olive-
green colour, and its few broad, nearly flat, spiral ribs. It does
not seem to vary. On the other hand an equally common one is
Nerita ])olita and of this there are endless patterns in its bands,
spots, and zigzag markings of black, white, and grey. Nerita
grossa is another common form. It is a large, somewhat thin,
tumid shell, deeply toothed at the mouth. It may be mistaken
for N. costata, with finer ribs and a more elevate spine, but the
operculum is quite different. But there is a doubt about the
identification of N. costata. It was originally described by Gmelin
thus: — '' Shell yellowish within, subglobidar, surrounded with
thicker strise, the interstices snowy, both lips toothed, the outer
one crenate throughout, inner one sub-convex, wrinkled and
tuberculate. Inhabits Nicobar Islands. Shell russet-brown or
piceous, crown very obtuse, generally worn and yellowish or
white." Born and Chemnitz are quoted for the figures. The
latter corresponds with our sheU, and so does the description,
except the yeUow interior, which is a variable character. I
cannot weU understand how Nicobar Islands can be the habitat
and for it not to have been seen at intermediate stations. All
the other Neritas of Port Douglas are Linnean shells and were

BY THE REV. J. B. TEGISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 115

described by Eumpliius from specimens obtained by liim in the
Molliicas.

JSferita alhicilla, L., is another common form on the Port Douglas
rocks. It is distinguished by a less oblique form than N. costata
the ribs are not so coarse, the columella concave, teeth on both
lips, fine and numeroas, and the whole shell is conspicuously
marked black and white in a varied style of ornamentation, of
which a broad, white, spiral band is the most common. It was
described from Eumphius by Linnaeus, who refers to the former's
figure. According to Hanley, type specimens are preserved in
the cabinet of Linnaeus. The habitat given is the Cape of Good
Hope and Indian Ocean, but the first locality may be erroneous.

All the species have the peculiarity of keeping on the rocks
above tidal marks, like the Littorinm. The various species seem
to group together and keep very distinct ; the only wanderers
beingiV. alUcilla, which are sometimes found at the bottom of pools.

There is one point of distinction between all the JSferitas, and
that is in the operculum. Shells that resemble each other in many
ways are found to have quite different opercula. I shall speak
presently of a characteristic instance of this when dealing with
the mangrove fauna. The opercula of N. poUta, N. costata, and
JV. alhicilla, are very characteristic. The latter though a more
finely marked shell than N. costata, has an operculum covered
with much coarser granulations. N. polita has a smooth and
beautifully polished operculum, with a defined margin of rugse.
This renders the sheU easy of identification. It has been long
known to naturalists. This we gather from the host of figures
quoted by Linnaeus. There is an exceptional uniformity in these
figures ; the type specimens still exist in the Linnean cabinets.
JSf. mollucensis is also found at Port Douglas, and some others to
be mentioned presently.

Two species of Chiton are sufiiciently common on the rocks.
One appears te be the Chiton spinosus of Eeeve. The other may

il6 ON THE LItTOEAL FAtJNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

be a new species, and requires examination. Tlie first is very
common and equally so on tlie coral reefs. Both these species
keep above the tidal marks, but just within reach of the surf and
spray.

Besides the Ostrea, which may be regarded as representing
0. mordax, there is a larger species, a Chama and a Spondylus, all
common, Purpura, fPolytropaJ tuberculosa is common also, but
not so large as the specimens found at Port Jackson. The rocks
are also conspicuously covered with two species of JBalanus which
are unknown to me as yet. One is a pyramidal form not observed
further south.

Thus it will be seen that the tropical littoral fauna of the rocks
does not differ much from the fauna we meet with outside the
tropics. Some of the species are the same, but there is a change
in others ; thus the TrocJiocochlecB of the south have disappeared.
Instead of seeing on every rock and stone crowds of TrocJiococlea
aiistraUs, T. odontis, and T. constricta, the place is occupied by very
many species of Nerita, species which have a wide range through-
out the tropics. The PatellidcB are partly different, and so are
the Littorinidce, Planaxis sulcatus, being the common form. The
Trochidm are entirely different. Monodonta lahio, and Trochus
niloticus, T. asrulescens, and some others are frequently met with.
In many of the j^ools two or three species of cones will be found
such as C. hebraica, C. textilosa, C. capitaneus and some others.
Cyprea arabica is found almost under every stone. I might extend
the list, but this will suffice to give an idea of what is the general
character.

On the rocks at Port Douglas there are few or no corals. Very
rarely one may meet a small patch of Porites or Favia Powerbanhiiy
but I never saw any other. These I may say are two of the
hardiest species of coral as well as the commonest in this locality.
Favia Bowerbanhii does not seem to mind mud or sediment, which
is fatal to most corals. Thus I have seen it encrusting a large
proportion of the stones at the mouth of the Mangrove Creek.

BY TIIE REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 117

All these stones are covered with, mud and slime, and the place is
washed over twice in the 24 hours by muddy, brackish water.

Far out upon the rocks there are a good niunber of Alcyonaria
or soft corals as they are called belonging to the genera Alcyonum^
Ammothea, Xenia, Anthelia, and Telesto. I believe they are all of
undescribed species. In every pool there are Aneinones belonging
to the families Actinince, Thalassianthus. The same pools are also
distinguished by two or three long ^nokQ-Y^kellolothurids, probably
belonging to the genus Sytiapta, they are not of any value to the
trepang fishermen and so are not molested. They may be seen
stretching out for two feet and more gathering their food with the
beautiful arborescent tentacles which form a ring around their
heads ; they are of a deep brown colour covered with wort-like
papillae. There are no anchor-like spines in the skin.

I have made but few special observations on the crustaceans,
but I cannot help noticing a species of crab which abounds on the
rocks. This is the Grapsus pictus of Latreille. It may be seen
running away over the boulders and into the surf on the approach
of any moving object. It is strange how tenaciously it can fasten
to the bare surface of the rock so that the heaviest surf has no
effect in moving it. They seem to have very low powers of
hearing as they cannot be startled by the loudest noise, They
make up for this by their powers of sight, as the smallest move-
ment makes them start off for the water. They appear to feed
upon an algal which grows upon the rocks, and certainly it is most
ludicrous to watch them raising their claws alternately to their
mouths while feeding, and at the same time standing, as it were,
upon tiptoe, so that the sharp points of the rest of the legs may
hold well into the inequalities of the rock surface. The species
has an immense range, being equally common in the Cape Verde
Islands, St. Helena, South Africa, the Mauritius, California, Peru,
Georgia, West Indies &c, Miers quotes it as belonging to the
New Zealand fauna, but I think the species is different. It is
not at all uncommon on the temperate regions of the Australian

118 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. AUSTRALU.,

coast. When alive it has a dark, but clear green carapace,
beautifully mottled and lined into a pretty pattern of lighter and
darker spots and cloudings. When dead in cabinets, the colours
fade into a redish brown. I could not discover whether the
natives used it for food, but it is eagerly devoured by a large
Octopus (0. indicus ?J which is common here.

The settlers gather and use another species, this is Thalamita
stimpsoni, with very beautiful blue tips to the claws. It is found
under stones, and is very warlike, biting furiously, and holding
tenaciously. I noticed two other species, T. sima, M.-Ed., and T.
dancd, Stimpson. Both these are said to occur in New Zealand,
but I am doubtful about T. sima, which is, as far as I know only
tropical in Australia. On the sands of Port Douglas and as far
as Cleveland Bay, I noticed Ocypode hrevicornis, I never saw it
except on a sandy beach, and when pursued it took readily to the
water.

On all the sandy places on the north side of Island Point a
species of starfish, Pentagonaster fStellasterJ Incei, Gray, is very
common. I did not notice it on any other part of the coast, but
in one spot it is drifted up in dozens at every tide. Here also
Fentaceros Franhlinii, was found by me as well as Anthenea tuher-
culosa and an Astropecten, which I is^Qio\>Q A. poly acantha. Had
I been able to dredge at this spot I have no doubt I should have
found many other species from the fragments I saw upon the
beach.

I turn now to the fauna of the mangroves, which is peculiar
and entirely different from that of the coast. The creek at the
back of Island Point, is a salt water inlet running between the
township and the mountain range, which rises about a mile further
inland. It is not navigable for more than four miles. Only in
the rainy season does it ever bring down much fresh water, but
it is always a muddy tidal stream with a coral reef at the mouth,
and a dense growth of mangroves on the banks. The common
species is the Brugiera Rheedii, with occasionally a fringe of

BY THE EEV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 119

JEgiceras majus ; this is different from the mangrove vegetation
of the southern j^arts of Australia, where the growth is principally
Amcennia tomentosa. Those who have never seen a true mangrove
scrub can have no idea of how thickly it covers the banks of a
stream with its narrow roots. The seed, as is well-known,
germinates upon the branches ere the flower falls. The fruit
enlarges until it becomes a long, pendulous, slender, green branch,
often 10 to 20 feet long swaying in the wind until it roots in the
mud beneath. The mud banks as they are uncovered by the tide
present a most peculiar appearance. It is a close net work of
light-brown stems, usually not thicker than an inch in diameter,
and rooting in the mud in all directions. There are no thick
stems amongst them. Only here and there a close thicket of
young, straight shoots of ^giceras majiis, spring up amid the
mud.

The first thing that one notices in the mangrove at Port
Douglas is the abundance of a crustacean, Gelasimus coarctatus,
M.-Edw. It makes its nest in the mud by the side of a mangrove
root. This retreat is a mere round hole which the crab digs out
by the aid of his large, disproportionate claw. I have watched
these little animals with great interest. They come out when the
tide is low, moving very stealthily and with their large claw
folded up under them. They feed on some animaculee in the
mud, but I could not ascertain what was the nature of this food.
The smallest movement causes them to start back to their holes.
If they are not molested they continue feeding until the tide
begins to rise ; then they go back to their retreats, and shovelling
up a great mass of mud with the large claw, they draw it after
them as they go in, completely closing up the hole so that a careful
examination will not enable one to discover it. They are beautiful
objects when living. The claw is a bright orange-color, paler
towards the tip, but this tint fades rapidly after death.

Next after these crabs, I know of no object more interesting
than the ''hopping fishes" as they are called. This is the

120 ON THE LITTORAL FATJNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

PeriopMhahnus australis of Castelnau. The mud is literally alive
with them when the tide is out. They are about eight or ten
inches long with large scales, and fins like seal's flippers, with
which they move very rapidly, a kind of leap. They are difficult
to catch, but a native boy I had with me was able to knock them
over easily with small stones, which he threw with unerring aim.
They say that this fish climbs on the roots of the mangrove, but
I never saw it do so. It keeps on the wet mud, and is always
more or less moistened with the slime. It never comes out on the
sand. I think it feeds on the small crustaceans or worms, but I
could not ascertain this to my satisfaction. They say that it utters
a loud clicking noise, not unlike the crack of a whip. I heard
the noise repeatedly, in fact it is quite remarkable and continuous
but I could not satisfy myself that it came from the fish. My
own opinion was that it was caused by one of the crustaceans.
There is however a fish in the Port Douglas Creek, which gives
utterance to croaking sounds when captured, of which I was
repeatedly a witness.

On the roots of the mangroves, and sometimes high up on the
stems of the trees, four or five species of mollusca are found. Of
these two species of Nerita are the most common. Nerita lineata
is very abundant, and of large size ; from an inch to an inch and
a-half in diameter is the usual size. The natives have used them
extensively as an article of food, for large mounds of them are
seen in the sandy banks of the creeks near Bowen, with quite a
heap of the shelly opercula. They do not climb high up on the
trees. This species has a wide range through the Indian Archi-
pelago, and in Australia as far south as Moreton Bay. It is
surprising that it was not known to Linnaeus : as all the other
Indian Neritas seem to have passed through his hands. Side by
side with other species, but by no means so common, is the iV.
atropurpurea of Eecluz. It is apt to be mistaken for N. lineata,
though it is smaller. I was collecting the radulas of the latter
and did not observe that I had got N. atropurpurea, until I f oujid

BY THE REr. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 121

1 had some very distinct opercula amongst those of JV. lineata.
That of N. lineata is large and rough, completely covered with
granulations of light color. That of N. atropurpurea is smooth,
highly polished, and of dark blue-black color.

Occasionally there is found upon the mangroves, but rather
high up on the branches small groups of Cassidula anguUfera, I
never noticed any other species though A. auris-judcd, is common
on the mangrove further south.

Cerithium fPyrazusJ sulcatum, Born, is found occasionally.
Cerithidea decollata'^ Linn., is very common in places far out of
reach of the tide marks and far above high water, I have found
the latter on small stems of Melaleuca leucodendron which is rather
abundant outside the margin of the mangroves on the flooded
flats. Littorina scalra, is also abundant and of large size. The
range of this species is very great. It is common on the Avicennia
mangrove of Port Jackson, though of small size and variable
color, and it extends along all the coast as far as it is known, in
N.E., N. and N.W. Australia. But it is unknown off mangrove
swamps, in fact it only flourishes upon them. The shell of this
species is thin and translucent. I presume that the mollusc is a
vegetable feeder and may perhaps live upon land plants as it is
always found upon them. It always frequents salt or brackish
water, but the latter not commonly, and in water so very nearly
like the sea that it can scarcely be called brackish, except for a
very short time during each tide. Still there are times when the
animal must be exposed to the influence of quite fresh water,
perhaps for some days during periods of flood. This would be
fatal to many marine mollusca, but is borne evidently without
harm by Littorina scalra. Fresh water is instantly fatal to Echini
and starfishes. I think I may say that the shell of Littorina scahra
is the thinnest of any marine shell known to me, and that in this
feature it approaches the fresh water shells. That the habit of
living on the roots of trees is not sufficient to account for this, is
seen from the fact that Nerita lineata, Cerithium fPyrazus J sulcatum

122 ON THE LITTORAL FATJNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

and Cassidula anguUfera, are very solid shells ; in fact none of those
living on the mangrove are thin except Cerithidea decollata.

Imbedded in the mud and quite within reach of salt water, but
generally not very close to the sea are large numbers of Cyrena
Juhesi, Deshayes, (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854). This is a very solid,
large, ovately trigonal shell, irregularly and lightly striate with
and when fresh covered with conspicuous, shining, olive periostraca
which easily flakes off. Some of the lines of growth are often
eroded, and the umbones always are. This erosion it appears to
me is the work of some parasite, and not as many think, from the
influence of fresh water. The hinge teeth are three in number,
with two of them distinctl}^ bifid at the apex. The lateral teeth
are distant, one (the anterior) being a blunt tubercle. I enter
into this detail because this mollusc is the common form in all
the brackish water streams or estuaries, I visited in North-East
Australia. I found it in the Endeavoui' Eiver, in the Daintree,
the Herbert, Port Douglas Creek, Eoss Creek, the Burdekin, and
in the mangroves and swamps around Port Denison. The blacks
prize it as an article of food, and large numbers of the shells are
always in refuse heaps by the side of the mangroves.

It will be seen from these facts what a great difference there is
between the fauna of the mangroves and that of the rocky coast
exposed to the sea. Though only a short distance from one
another and the water quite salt, there is not one species of shell
fish common to both, and the crustaceans seem all to be different
as well. The mud has something to do with it, though other
circumstances come into play which are well worth an attentive
study.

If I refer now to the fauna of the coral reefs near Port Douglas
it must not be thought that my remarks are anything more than
as to what came under my observation during a few brief visits.
The subject is too immense to be dealt with in an exhaustive
manner except by a voluminous treatise. There are many reefs

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 123

in the neighbourhood of Port Douglas, and there is the Great
Barrier Reef at about 16 miles distance from the shore. All
these literally teem with life, so that a life time would not be
enough to enable one to know and see all. I shall confine my
remarks first of all to those matters to which I have been calling
attention in the first part of this paper.

Littoral shells are not common on the reefs — that is to say, such
shells as Patella, Littorina, Nerita, Planaxis, &c. The reason of
this is probable that these molluscs live for the most part out of
the water, and there are only very few parts of the reefs that are
not covered for more than 1 2 of the 24 hours ; those portions that
are uncovered are not, as a rule, favorable stations for the species
I mention. There are not many solidified rocks, but only loose
banks of a coarse sand, composed of coral and shell debris. This
sand becomes cemented in the course of time into a hard dark-
brown, calcareous rock. If there is much coral in it : the structure
is very coarse and hard. Large masses of coral, with equally
ponderous clams, volutes. Cassis, TrocJms, «S:c., making up a
peculiar and highly ornamental stone, the finer portions become
stratified into thin flags with a gentle dip towards the sea. On
such rocks I noticed SipJionaria denticulata, or a variety of it.
Probably some other specific name has been given to it, but where
the differences are so very slight, and the features upon which
specific distinctions are made to rest are so liable to vary for
almost every individual, it would be hazardous to attempt to
determine which variety it is. The whole genus needs a thorough
revision, and when it receives that, the Australian species will
no doubt be found confined to four or five.

Two of the most common univalve shells upon the reefs are
Pterocera Iambi's, Linn, and Sfromhas luhuamcs, Linn. They must
have a ver^^ wide range, as they are described as occurring at the
Ived Sea, and through the whole of the Indian Ocean. Both
species are amongst the oldest known to men of science. They

124 ON THE LITTORAL FATTNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

were first figured by Lister, nearl}^ 200 years ago, and types are
still preserved in the Linnean cabinet.

On tlie edges of the reefs Trochus 7iiloticus is very common and
of large size. This is a shell of wide range and ancient history
like the last. It is found with T. cerideus, Gmelin, which is not
so common. All the shell sand is more or less full of Chnjsostoma
nicoharica, Gmelin. This also has a wide range. In fact except
in the relative abundance of species, we may say that for one
third of the shells of the Indian Ocean, there is no difference in
what we find on the north-east Australian coral reefs. Cyprea
tigris, L., is not very common, but C. arahica, L., C. lynx, L., and
C. annulus, L., are all very abundant. The cones are C. litter atus
L., (very common) C. marmoreus, L., C. generalis, L., C. hebrceus,
L., C. textile, L., and C. capitaneus, L. I made no special search
or no doubt I could have extended this list, but I merely wish to
record the species which are the most common.

The bivalves are by far the most prominent part of the
moUuscan fauna of the coral reefs. Hippopus maculatus, Chem.,
is the most common, so common indeed that the reef is thickly
strewn with them on every side. It varies in size and in color.
I have seen a specimen which was at least ten inches across the
valves. The color of the animal varies also. As a general rule
it is a dull brown, but very often indi\iduals are found with a
fringe of the most brilliant blue or green. The same variation
in color is found in Tridacna squamosa, Gm., which is equally
common. Sippopus maculatus, lies loose upon the reef, but T.
squamosa is attached to the coral rock and requires a considerable
amount of care to detach it without breaking the shell. It is not
at all unusual to find specimens completely imbedded in the rock
in a cavity which allows room for the opening of the shell, but
which in other respects fits it exactly. In fact one cannot escape
the conclusion that the mollusc must have hollowed out the cavity
for itseK. It is not uncommon to see a loose block of dead coral
with three or four of these large molluscs imbedded in it, fitting

BY THE KEY. J. E. TENISOX- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 125

exactly into the caYities and lying open with their beautiful blue
and green tentacles exposed. On approaching them they close
their valves suddenly, sending up a jet of water into the air. I
have often had my foot caught between the valves in passing.
They can hold with great strength, but a knife inserted into the
muscle soon detaches them. It seems to me, strange how they
can exist on a loose block of stone, which must be moved about
by almost every tide.

The large Tridacna fjigas is not met with except on the edge of
the reef. It is rather common, but not so much so as the former
species. There is some confusion about this shell, the name of
which is usually referred to Linnseus. But no example was found
in his cabinet. His definition agrees with T. squamosa, and Mr.
Hanley observes that the synonomy Cjuoted is incorrect and leads
one to suppose that Linnseus regarded all the various species of
Tridacna as varieties of one. Mr. Hanley seems also to think that
we should restrict the specific name gigas to that which is generally
regarded as squamosa, a change which will hardly be adopted.
The animals seem to vary in color, but I had too few opportunities
of observing to record much about them. I don't think the
beautiful blue and green hues occur in this species. A very
common bivalve shell upon the reefs is Asaph is rugosa, Lamarck.
Circe crocea, Lam., is pretty common. The oyster which I regard
as 0. cucullata. Born, is very abundant on the *' negro heads" or
blocks of dead coral, which project above the rest of the reef. It
may be that the cucullate form is an exceptional variety of the
common oyster referred to already as existing in such abundance
on the rocks at Port Douglas.

On turning over the loose blocks of dead coral, which strew the
flat parts of the reef left dry at each tide, a large amount of marine
life is revealed. Under nearly every one, the Urchin Echinometra
lucunter, Leske, is found in groups, two or three together. It
varies very much in color. The species are brown-grey, nearly
white, or a delicate flesh color. They do not cling to the rock,

126 ox THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. ATJSTRALIA,

but move with ease along tlie ground, keeping the spines erect in
a regular '' cheveux-de-frise" around them. They are easily
handled, however, in spite of their formidable appearance. But
it is not so with Echinothrix calamaria, which is much more rarely
met with. This is a very dangerous animal to approach. It is
found under stones like the former and presents a rather pretty
appearance, from its long, rather stout, tapering spines of sea-
green color, transversely striped with brown. It glides slowly
along, moving the spines in all directions. Between these there
are many fine spines, as fine as hair. They are not easily perceived
and though so fine and slender, yet they penetrate to great depths
into the hand when any attempt is made to seize the annimal. I
did not know their powers, and at m}^ first effort to secure one got
five or six of these spines in my hand, one piercing right through
the side of the finger. It was no use trying to extract them, as
they are so fine and brittle. After a few hours they did not cause
any inconvenience, and I suppose they must have worked them-
selves out, for I never felt them afterwards. I am not aware that
this species was found on the Australian coast previously.

Equally uncommon is the urchin Diadema setosum, certainly one
of the most beautiful of all the species. Those who have only
seen the dried specimens can have no idea of what it is in its
natural state. The spines are all of one size, very long and
slender of very dark purple color. They spread out in rays all
round the test, while the anal tube projects like a large eye, which
in fact most observers suppose it to be. The spines penetrate the
hand very easity, but as they are not so fine as in J^chinofhrixthey
work themselves out in a short time. Diadema setosum was noticed
bv me in a few rock pools, and generally where an overhanging
ledge affords some shelter.

The other urchins found on the reef were Jliiypono'e variegata,
and Salmacis raris^jina. The first was always the beautiful bright
violet variety, and the second was always denuded of spines. On
the beach away from the coral reefs I found Temnopleurus tormm-

BYTHEEEV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 127

aticus, and amid the basaltic rocks of Island Point, Stomopneustes
atra-purpurea, mihi, but as I intend to give a separate paper on
the EcMni of this part of the coast and their various habits I shall
not refer to them further at present.

In all the rock pools fishes of some sort are found. It would
be useless to attempt an enumeration, but I may mention especially
the striped Murmna nehulosa, and the immense number of young
dog-fish or sharks of the genus. Occasionally large specimens of
Conger marginatus, Forsk., may be seen floundering through the
rock pools.

On nearly all the reefs visited by me I found large shallow
pools from two to three feet deep at low water, in which there
was an extensive growth of coral. The genera were mostly the
solid corals, such as Solenastr<sa, Favia, Prionastrcea, Pavonia,
PlesiastrcBa, Astrcba (raYe)Meandrina, Mussa, Symphyllia, Sydnophora
Galaxea, Turhinaria, Fungia, Pachyseris, Turhinaria, Pocillopora,
Seriotopora, Psammocora^ Millepora, Heliopora, Madrepora, Sfc. 1
think that a good many of these are of undescribed species, but
the resemblances to known forms are so close that a very careful
examination and comparison with typical forms will be necessary
before any specific determination is made. Madrepores were
common in places, but confined to two or three species. I intend
to publish in a separate paper what I have to say in detail about
the corals. I may remark now that in the pools and lagoons to
which I am referring, branched corals were the exception. The
common forms were large hemispherical masses or large round
flattened slabs like tables. These were for the most part species
of Porites or Aheopora. The flat upper surface was dead and like
brown concrete. The thick rounded edge was of rose-pink color
generally, and only this part was alive. The cells of this species
are so small that the stellate rays can only be seen by a good lens.
When undisturbed a kind of tentacular expansion could be
observed, a constant movement such as would be caused by the
water. A touch of any foreign substance, or a blow caused them

128 ON THE LITTORAL FAUNA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

to witkdraw immediately, and a closed appearance was very-
manifest over a considerable area of the cells. There must be
millions on each one of the round fiat tabular masses of Porites,
which are so common on the reefs. These ''tables" are quite
loose and can be turned over without difficulty. They are seldom
more than a foot thick and the under surface is like the upper.

I have reserved for the last any mention of the Holothuridcd
which give such a commercial importance to the reefs at the
present time. Any detail on the subject of species would require
a special essay. So much has been done by observers in Europe
— especially northern Europe — that to examine our Australian
species under the light of these investigations would be an
extensive undertaking. I trust that the time is not distant when
it may be done, but I dont think it can be done unless on the
reefs themselves, where anatomical examinations of the living
examples will alone furnish the required facts. I merely record
now that the species collected in abundance are those classified
as Trepang by Q-. F. Jaeger, in 1833 in the well known essay De
Holothuriis.^' The genus is not adopted, and has no better
definition from its author than "body sub-cylindrical, mouth
anterior, surrounded by ten to twenty x)etately capitate tentacles."
He enumerates four, viz. Trepang edulis, T. ananas^ T. impatiens,
and T. peruviana. The first of these is certainly found on the
reefs, and is called by the fishermen '' red fish." It is an
elongated oval, somewhat shapeless mass of dull, reddish-brown
color, and covered all over with papillary suckers. It is eight or
ten inches long and very heavy. Next to this is the '' tit-fish," a
somewhat smaller species of elongated shape, black in color, and
studded with somewhat distant, large tentacles, which project
nearly an inch or so. Another species is the "milk-fish," or
" cotton- fish," so called from its power of emitting a white viscid
fluid from its skin, which clings to any object like shreds of
cotton. The fishermen do not use it, and it is said that the white

* De Holo. Dissertatio inaug. Turici, 1833, 4 to with plates.

BY THE EEV. J, E. TENISON- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 129

fluid stings the skin. There are many other species which have
not been named or described, nor do I think they can be until
they are studied in the living state, at least according to the
present system of classification. They are found in large numbers
crawling over the reefs at low tide. No doubt the extensive way
in which the edible species are gathered will make them scarce.
and some are beginning to get scarce at certain portions of the reef,
But the enormous extent of coral reef, not only on the Barrier,
but in the islands enclosed within the Barrier, renders it very
easy for the fishermen to seek new grounds for their operations.

A very common species on the island reefs which I visited, is
Synapta Besellii, Jaeger, or an allied form. This is said to be an
inhabitant of Celebes, but no doubt has a wide range. One
cannot mistake the genus for any other. Immediately on putting
one's hand on it, the animal adheres to the skin. With a very
ordinary lens the skin is seen to be covered with small spicules,
shaped like an anchor. "With these the animal adheres readily
to any soft object. These anchors have the heads fixed in a round
calcareous plate imbedded in the skin. This accounts for the
numbers of small perforated, calcareous disks which strew the
reefs, and look just like shirt buttons. Mr. Moseley, in his
*' Naturalist Voyage of the Challenger " mentions this animal,
and states how the anchors in the skin were favorite objects for
microscopic exhibition to visitors. It was thought by sight-seers
to be one of the most important discoveries of the Expedition, and
got in consequence the name of the ** Admiralty Worm." Otto
Semper mentions having seen one Synapta fBessellii ?J at the
Philippine Islands, 6 ft. long. When fully extended on the reefs
near Port Douglas, a length of four feet was not unusual. They
are often mistaken for water snakes. The anchors on the skin
easily break, and the animal does not seem to have any control
over them. They serve for the purposes of locomotion in connection
with the voluntary contractions of the muscles.
Q

130 ON THE LITTORAL PATINA OF N. E. AUSTRALIA,

Properly speaking the SynaptidcG ^tq the only ''lungless"
family of the Holuthurice. Semper mentions two others,"^'' the
JEapii)(j\d(B and the OncinolalidcB, both containing only one genus
but all the species according to Theelf have lungs or the evidence
of the absence of these organs is doubtful. The definition of
Synapta according to the same author is as follows. Body more
or less vermiform, cylindrical, without feet or ambulacral areas
along the body, hermaphrodite, calcareous concretions in the skin
either wanting or forming anchors and wheels.

I have been able to make some observations on the develoj)ment
of the young of this species, but these and some other remarks on
this part of the reef fauna I must reserve for a future occasion.

On every portion of the coral islands on the Barrier Opliiuridcd
were very abundant. Their long arms might be seen protruding
from under almost every block of coral ; the bodies were generally
concealed. One species in particular with very long arms I took
to heOphiocoma scolopendrina, Lam., Opliioglylm Khihergi, Ljungman
and 0. muUispina, are both Port Jackson forms, but I fancy allied
species are represented in the coral regions. Opliiolepis amiulosa
is common, as also Opliiocoma erinaceus, Mull, and Tros., and 0.
lincolata, Mull, and Tros., who give it as 0. pica. I also saw
species which I referred to Ophiomastix annulosa, Mull, and Tros.
(p. 107) Ophiotlmx longipeda, Lam., (Mull, and Tros. p. 113) 0.
nereidina, (Mull, and Tros. 115) Lamarck (p. 224, vol. 3, 2nd edit.)
Ophiooiemis marmorata, Lam., p. 223, and Mull, and Tros., p. 87.
Some of these identifications are doubtful and the whole of the
species noticed by me need revision, a work which I hope to efitect
in detail hereafter.

It is very curious to watch the manner in which these starfishes
ply their search for food. The long arms are extended from the
smallest possible holes or cracks from whence the cirrhi can be

* Reisen iu Archipel der Philipinea I. Holothuriea 1, p. 8.
t Holoth. desMers N. Zemble. Upsal 1877.

BY THE REV. J. E. TENIS02T-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 131

seen moving in tlie water. Any foreign object is rapidly seized
and conveyed to tlie mouth, thougli I could not ascertain what
was their favorite food. They are very easily captured. By
turning over any block of dead or living coral four or five of them
will be seen slowly moving away. The fishermen seem to have a
dread of them, so they are quite unmolested, except by the
natui'alist or whatever marine enemies they may have.

In the preceding observations only a few of the objects of interest
on our coral reefs have been touched upon. To deal with all
would require many volumes instead of essays. When we
remember what the sea coast is to the naturalist, we may form
an opinion of what a coral reef must be. The wliole structure is
the result of animal activity, and every portion on which the eye
rests reveals some new phase of animal life. We may take it as
certain that only a very suiall portion of our reefs have been
explored by naturalists, and that therefore there is no more
promising field of zoological discovery in the whole world, none
where the interest is greater, or where distinction may be more
easily won. For my own part the few weeks I spent in the coral
region were the most intensely interesting of any I remember in
a life-time of observation as a naturalist, and I trust that one
result of my few scattered notes will be to attract others on to the
same enchanting field.

Eectification of the Nomexclatuee of Furpura anomala, Axgas.
By Peofessoe, Ealph Tate, Peesidext Phil. Soc, Adelaide, &c.

South Australian specimens of a species of marine gasteropocl,
forwarded to Mr. Gr. F. Angas, F.L.S., under the generic title of
Mangelia, have lately been returned to me with the name of Purimra
( Cronia) anomala, Angas. The description and figures of that
species, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, pi. v., fig. 1., are truly applicable

132 DESCRIPTIONS OF AtJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPrDOPTERA,

to the shells above referred to. The form of the columella is a
valid reason for the removal of the species from the family
Furpiiridce; and as in well-preserved adult specimens, a very short
sinus exists, the species should have a place in that oiPleurotomidcB.
In the absence of the notch on the outer lip, the well-defined
flexure of the strise of growth is alone sufiicient to justify its
transference from the one family to the other. The position of
the sinus and other external features permit its reception in the
genus Mangelia, and it should, henceforth, be known as M. anomala.
Indeed its afiinity to M. Vincentina, Crosse, is sufficiently close to
necessitate close comparison to separate extreme forms of each
from one another.

South Australian examples are for the most part of an opaque
white, with black blotches, between the costae, at the anterior
suture and on the middle line of the last whorl ; but a few, with
thinner tests, exhibit the more elaborate markings which belong
to the tjrpe specimen.

M. anomala is a rare shell in South Australian waters, though
I have gathered it, from among shell sand, at widely separated
localities, thus : — Aldinga Bay and Salt Creek, east and west sides
of St. Vincent's Gulf , respectively ; Wauraltie, east side of Spencer's
Gulf ; and Fowler's Bay, Great Australian Bight.

Descriptions of Atjstralian Micro-Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyrick, B.A.

III. TINEINA.

In the following paper I have described forty-seven species of
the least-developed families of the Tineina ; five of these have
been previously described, the remaining forty-two are new to
science. One only out of the whole (Bedellia somnulentella, Ti.J
occurs elsewhere, being common to Europe and North America,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 133

though it is now difficult to say whether it has or has not been
introduced by man into this and other countries : the rest are all
endemic.

The families here treated of form (with the addition of the
genus Nepticula, of which I am acquainted with at least fifteen
Australian species, though not yet prepared to describe them,) a
natural group, sharply terminated at both ends, though admitting
of a wide range of structural variation. The materials collected
are sufficient to give a fairly accurate conception of the form in
which the group appears in this region, and enable me to make
a few remarks upon the classification and order of development
of the genera. Excluding Nepticula, these are generally classed
in three families, — Gracilaridm, LitJiocolletidce, and LyonetidcE'
Wocke has wished to split up the Lijonetidm into two or more
families, on the ground of differences in neuration, but this seems
very unnecessary. I am clear, however, that Lithocolletis and its
allies cannot be kept apart from the GracilaridcB, with which they
agree in the structure of the head, and especially in respect of the
f ourteen-legged larva, found in no other Tinema, and of the larval
habits. There are however a few very small genera fTischeria,
Bedellia, TIrodeta, Arctocoma (described hereafter), and perhaps
Oetiophila, of which the larva is hardly known) which are some-
times referred to the ZitlwcoUetidce, and sometimes to the IJ lack is f idee
but do not agree with either, being separated from the former by
the sixteen-legged larvse, and from the latter by the roughly tufted
head. I would place these in a separate family, which I have
below called Bedellidcd, a step which appears to me to be in
accordance with nature, and to simplify the systematic discrimi-
nation of the families. The Lyonetidce form a natural group,
distinguished from both the preceding by the basal joint of the
antennee expanded into an eyecap. The NepticididcB also possess
the eyecap, but have well-developed maxillary palpi, peculiar
neuration, and larvse with 18 imperfectly developed pro-legs, not
found elsewhere in the Tineina.

134 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

For riglitly understanding the process of development a careful
comparison of the fauna of other regions is required, and the
Micro-Lepidoptera have been as yet very partially studied. It is
possible, however, to make a fair comparison with the region
which Mr. Wallace has called Palaearctic, so far as it is represented
by Europe, and with North and South America to a less extent ;
and to make use of a few fragments of positive evidence from
other countries, with the following results. I should premise
that these minute Micro-Lepidoptera, from their extreme delicacy,
fragility, and defencelessness, from their lacking the rapid and
powerful means of locomotion of butterflies and large moths, and
from the usually very short term of their lives, afford excellent
material for the study of geographical distribution.

The well-marked generic differences of structure, and the fixity
of type m most cases, are very conspicuous in these lowest families
and are evidences of a hoary antiquity. In no genus is this more
evident than in Nepticula, which is represented apparently all
over the world in equal proportion, by numerous species which
have everywhere an extreme resemblance to one another. Of the
other genera in these families Bucoulatrix, Opostega, FhijUocnistiSy
Coriscium, and Gracilaria, appear to have also a practically world-
wide range. Of some of the other genera, which have but few
species, it is not yet safe to say where they may not be found.
There is however one extensive genus which is interesting by its
entire absence from the Australian region, namely Lithocolletis, of
which I could not have failed to find traces if it had existed here.
(I may observe here, that the insect described by Newman as
Lithocolletis lalagella, (Trans. Ent. Soc, Lend., Vol. Ill,, N. S.,
300) is certainly a Gracilaria allied to G. caenotheta smd autadelpha,
but not accurately identifiable. This genus comj)rises a very
large number of species in Europe, and North and South America,
and is also known to occur in India ; most forest trees have one
or more species attached to them, and of many the individuals
in extreme profusion, showing that throughout this range of

BY E. MEYRICK, B,A. 185

climate they are a dominant race. No reason can be assigned
why the genus should not occur in Australia, except that it must
have come into existence since the time when Australia was last
in immediate communication by land with the continent, when it
obtained its original supply of Mammalia, which is believed to
carry us back to somewhere near the close of the Secondary
period. Now Gracilaria, which is more highly organised, and
would be generally regarded as a development of Lithocolletis, is
found evenly distributed over the whole world, as stated above.
It appears to me to follow from this that LithocoUetis came into
existence much later than Gracilaria ; and that if, as from their
close alliance seems almost certain, one was develoj)ed from the
other, it was LithocoUetis which is a degraded development of
Gracilaria. It would ap^^ear also that the same is true of Ornix;
whose cone-rolling larvae should be noticed in connection with the
cone-rolling larvee of the higher Gracilarice in Europe and North
America, as it is very probable that the habit is of late development.
Coriscium, though possessing few species, is apparently contem-
poraneous with Gracilaria. The rest of the family consists at
present of three small North American genera, of which I am only
able to say that they are allied to LithocoUetis. The ancestral
form of the family may therefore be regarded as a form
corresponding very nearly to the smaller species of Gracilaria.

Turning now to the BedeUidcB, we find them to be a very small
group, yet having distinct affinities with the GracilaridcB, the
LyonetidcB, and though Elachista with lhe Elachistidcd. They may
probably be the last smwiving representatives of a once wider
family. As in their case there is at present but little available
material, I will not force conclusions ; but it seems likely that we
may have here the nearest existing approach to the original
organisms from which the above-mentioned three families took
their rise. The commonly swollen basal joint of the antennae
points to the source of the eyecap in the Lyonetidcd ; and the

136 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

attitude of tlie imago in BedelUa (preserved also in Tisclieria) is a
rudiment of tlie peculiar position assumed by a Gracilaria.

The LyonetidcB, thougli a very natural family, have a very wide
range of structure in respect of the head and the neuration.
Stegommata and Lyonetia are very nearly allied, and might well be
considered sections of one genus. Regarding them so, then
Bucculatrix, Crohylophora, and Stegommata would form a natural
group in the family, distinguished by the roughly tufted head.
Opostega and Cemiostoma are also naturally associated, and
Phyllocnistis appears by its quite smooth head and apodal larva to
be an extreme development of these. Atalopsycha may perhaps
be intermediate between the two groups, but it could not yet be
safely affirmed. Most of these genera, though small, are of
universal range, and the others are known as yet merely as small
local developments, so that nothing can yet be predicted from the
facts of their geographical distribution. I am disposed to think,
hovever, that Buccidatrix, which is the largest of them, and also
the most persistent in type, is probably the oldest, and nearest to
the original form. It is also the nearest to the NepticulidcB, which
we are probably justified in regarding for the present as a very
ancient but degenerate development of Bucculatrix, or rather of
the progenitors of Buccalatrix.

In the preceding remarks I have been twice led to assert that
a more lowly organised form has been derived from a higher, and
I have reason to believe, as in subsequent communications I hope
to show, that this has taken place more commonly than is often
supposed. Such examples are not, however, as a superficial
observer might suppose, a violation of the law of improvement
under natural selection. According to the principle of evolution
any change may occur if beneficial, and the degradation, and
consequent simplification, of an organism must often be as great
a benefit, as its complication at the cost of increased requirements.
It wiU, I think, be in practice rarely found that the lowest

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 137

organised species or genus of a group is tlie nearest to tlie
immediate ancestor of the whole group.

Subjoined is an analytical table of the genera hereafter referred
to, which may be an assistance to their ready identification.
A. — basal joint of antennae not forming an eyecap.
a. — head with appressed scales.

1. second joint of palpi smooth or rarely

loosely scaled beneath . . . . Gracilaria

2. second joint of palpi with a projecting

tuft Coriscium

h. — head shortly rough-haired ; antennae longer

than forewings . . . . . . . .Epicephala

c. — head roughly tufted above.

1 . antennse as long as fore-wings ; hind-

wings linear . . . . . . . .Bedellia

2. antennae shorter than fore-wings ; hind-

wings lanceolate . . . . . .Arctocoma

B. — basal joint of antennae dilated into an eyecap.
a. — head roughly tufted above.

1 . antennae longer than fore-wings . . Stegommata

2. antennae shorter than fore-wings.

* labial palpi developed . . . . Crobylophora

*^ no labial palpi . . . . . . Bucculatrix

I. — head roughly short-haired in front, smooth

behind . . . . . . . . . . Opostega

c. — head with appressed scales; hind- wings

lanceolate Atalopsycha

d. — head smooth, glossy; hind- wings nearly

setiform Phyllocnistis

GEACrLAEID^.

GbACTTjATIIA, Z.

Head smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue long. Antennae as long or
longer than fore-wings, slender, filiform. Maxillary palpi rather

138 DESCRIPTIOXS OF AUSTRALIAX MICRO-LEPrDOPTERA,

long, filiform. Labial palpi moderately long, ascending, arched,
slender, cylindrical ; second joint smooth., sometimes loosely scaled
beneath, terminal joint nearly as long as second. Fore-wings
elongate, very narrow, parallel- sided, costa bent at apex or evenly
pointed. Hind-wings very narrowly lanceolate, much narrower
than fore-wings, cilia thrice or fonr times as broad. Abdomen
elongate, slender. Legs long, slender ; middle tibise often much
thickened with scales. Fore- wings with 12 or 11 veins, 5 branches
to costa, no secondary cell, 1 simple. Hind- wings with from 8
to 6 veins, 3 and 5 being sometimes obsolete ; 5 and 6 stalked,
cell open. ^

This genus is of world-wide occurrence, about seventy species
being hitherto known. All the species are elegant and some of
great beauty ; when at rest they sit with the forepart much raised
and the two anterior pairs of legs, which are often elegantly
marked, conspicuously displayed. They are somewhat retired in
habit, and may often be easiest found at rest on fences.

The larvee are f ourteen-legged, slender, always mining in leaves
when young ; afterwards many of the European and American
species construct hollow cones for habitations, by rolling up pieces
of the leaves they feed on ; others remain miners all their life.
All the Australian species, with the larvae of which I am acquainted
are miners throughout life, nor have I ever seen indications of the
familiar cones of this genus in Australia. The mining larvae
usually leave the mine in order to form their cocoon.

The genus is well-marked and easy of recognition, but some
slight variations of structure are found within its limits, principally
in respect of the scaling of the middle pair of tibiae, and the
second joint of labial palpi: the gradations are however so
insensible, that they do not admit of breaking up the genus by
their means. The twenty-nine species here described may be
tabulated as f oUows :

A. — middle tibiae very much thickened through-
out with scales.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 13^

a. — fore-wings dark purple-fuscous . . 1 . oenopella
I. — fore- wings reddislL-ochreous

1. with a double yellow costal triangle 2. xanthopharella

2. with costa broadly yellow. . . . 3. adelina
c. — fore- wings pale ochreous, costa broadly

white . . . . . . . . . . 4. auchetidella

B. — middle tibiae slightly (often unevenly) or

not thickened.

a. — fore-wings yellow with central crim-
son streak .. .. .. ..15. ethela

h. — fore-wings crimson with yellow or white
markings,

1. head pale yellow ; 6 costal streaks 16. formosa

2. head white ; 7 costal streaks . . 17. ida
c. — fore-wings metallic coppery-green or

bronze.

1. with two white spots . . . . 14. chalcoptera

2. with 4 costal and 4 dorsal streaks 22. eumetalla
d. — fore-wings unicolorous dark slaty-grey 5. sethalota
e. — fore-wings white with fuscous or ochre-
ous markings.

1. inner margin brownish- ochreous. .18. mnesicala

2. inner margin white.

* antennse wholly white . .20. aellomacha
"^^ antennae annulated with dark

fuscous .. .. . .19. lygineDa

/. — forewings ochreous with grey markings 6. plagata
g. — fore-wings ochreous or grey with white
markings.

1 . with straight transverse fasciae and
marginal spots.

*' fasciae spotted with black . . 8. ordinatella
** fasciae not spotted, alternating

with black transverse clouds 7. lepidella

140 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN mCRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

*** fasciae not spotted, without
black clouds.

f with one fascia and four spots 12. hoplocala
ft with one fascia and five spots. .13. calicella
Iff with two or three fasciae.

J thorax greyish-ochreous . . 9. tricuneatella
J J thorax white.

§ third fascia represented by two

opposite nearly equal spots ..11. caenotheta
§§ third fascia entire, or if inter-
rupted, lower spot much the
larger .. .. . .10. autadelpha

2. with a longitudinal, inner-marginal

streak and marginal spot.

* with five costal streaks . .24. alysidota

** with two costal streaks.

f headand inner-marginal streak

ochreous .. .. . .25. ochrocephala

ft head and inner-marginal streak

brassy- white . . . .26. nereis

Iff head and inner-marginal streak
pure white.

J streak alonginner-margin itself 27. didymella
J J streak separated from inner-
margin by a streak of ground
colour .. .. . .28. laciniella

3. with both margins irregularly white 29. albomarginata

4. with marginal spots only.

•-' fore-wings golden-ochreous,

clouded with dark bronze . .23. eupetala
** fore-wings pale clear greyish-
ochreous .. .. . .21. thalassias

BE E. meybice:, b.a. 141

Grac. oenopella, n. sp.

$ . 4i". Head and thorax very dark fuscous ; maxillary palpi
whitish, apex of joints fuscous ; labial palpi dark fuscous, internally
ochreous- whitish. Antennae longer than fore-wings, dark fuscous.
Abdomen dull oohreous-grey. Legs ochreous-whitish, tarsal
joints fuscous at apex ; anterior tibiee dark fuscous above ; middle
tibiae very much thickened, dark purplish-fuscous. Fore- wings
very dark purple-fuscous ; a faint whitish fascia from before
middle of costa, rather oblique outwardly ; a few pale scales at
apex ; cilia dark grey, blackish round apex of wing. Hind-wings
and cilia dark grey.

One specimen bred in May from larvse found commonly in the
Botanical Gardens, Sydney ; the food-plant is native to Australia,
but appears to grow north of Sydney.

Larva pale yellowish, feeding in a flat irregular blotch, origin-
ating in a slender gallery, beneath upper surface of leaves of
Tetranthera ferruginea, fLaurineceJ in April. Pupa in a white
cocoon beneath the turned down corner of a leaf.

Grac. xanthopharella, n. sp.

J $ . 5"-5|-". Head above and thorax ochreous-reddish tinged
with purple, face and maxillary palpi pale yellow. Labial palpi
pale yellow, extreme apex dark fuscous. Antennae longer than
fore-wings, ochi-eous-reddish above, yellowish beneath, with darker
annulations. Abdomen pale ochreous, suffused above posteriorly
with fuscous-grey. Legs pale ochreous-yellow ; anterior and
middle tibiae dark purplish-red fuscous, middle tibiae much
thickened ; posterior tarsi with the two apical joints very narrowly
dark fuscous at base. Fore-wings reddish-violet, partially tinged
with ochreous ; a small, very oblique, rather oval, pale yellow
spot near base, its lower end reaching the fold ; a large pale
yeUow costal triangle, rather before middle, its apex almost
reaching inner margin, its upper angle produced along costa as a
semiovate patch, reaching nearly to apex ; a few yellow scales at

142 DESCRIPTIONS OF AtJSTEALlAN MICRO-lEPtDOPTEBA,

anal angle ; cilia f uscous-violet round apex, containing a reddish.-
yellow patch below apex, and with three indistinct blackish lines,
thence fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Scarce ; occurs at Sydney and Parramatta from November to
February, flying in the sun. Allied to the group of alchimiella,
Sc, and apparently nearest to the North American swj^^;- J //row^^/^flf
Clem., but not to be mistaken.

Grac. adelina, n. sp.

^ $ . 6". Head and thorax ochreous-r eddish with violet
reflections, face snow-white. Maxillary palpi whitish, externally
ochreous-reddish. Labial palpi reddish-ochreous, white at base,
lower half of terminal joint externally purple-fuscous. Antennae
longer than fore-wings, pale reddish-ochreous, annulated with
dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous-grey, pale ochreous at base,
beneath metallic-yellow. Legs pale ochreous; anterior tibiae
blackish ; middle tibiae very much thickened, deep reddish suffused
with violet black. Fore-wings deep reddish-ochreous with violet
reflections, with a verj^ broad, pale metaUic-yellow costal band,
covering more than haK the breadth of wing, and extending
almost from base to apex ; the ground colour sends a conical
projection into this band before middle, cutting half through it,
and midway between this and base is a much shorter, obtuse
projection, both suffused with deep cobalt-blue; the lower f of
the reddish-ochreous inner-marginal portion is marked from base
to apex with regular, transverse strigulae of brilliant deep cobalt-
blue, appearing black in some lights; cilia reddish-ochreous
round apex, thence dark fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia
dark fuscous-grey.

This magnificent species is unsurpassed in the elegance and
intensity of its colouring. I took one pair in dense swampy forest
in January, near Hamilton, on the Waikato, New Zealand. It
seem to be nearly allied to the North American violacella, Clem.,
and Uandella, Clem.

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 143

Grac. auchetidella, n. sp.
? . 4^"-5". Head and thorax whitish- ochreous mixed with grey.
Maxillary palpi white. Labial palpi white, apex of second joint
and a broad ring before apex of terminal joint black. Antennae
whitish-ochreous, annulated with black. Abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous. Legs pale ochreous, joints of tarsi very narrowly black
at base ; anterior tibiae black ; middle tibiae very much thickened
with black scales. Fore-wings with costal half whitish, dorsal
half and hind-margin pale ochreous, irrorated sparsely throughout
with blackish 'scales, and densely along a longitudinal dilating
streak from base to apex ; these scales tend to form regular
transverse strigulae on costal and dorsal margins ; on the white
costal half is abroad central pale ochreous transverse perpendicular
fascia, densely irrorated with black ; ciKa f uscus-grey, with three
indistinct black lines round apex. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia
paler, tinged with ochreous at base.

Allied to the preceding, but very different. Two specimens
beaten in October from the dense subtropical forest near the top
of the Bulli Pass, Illawarra, 1,500 feet above the sea.

Grac. aethalota, n. sp.

(^ . 4f '. Head glossy dark grey, face paler. Labial palpi
whitish, apex of second joint and a subapical ring of terminal
joint black. Antennae longer than fore- wings, grey- whitish, with
evanescent fuscous annulations. Thorax and abdomen dark
fuscous-grey. Legs whitish, tarsal joints suffused with pale
fuscous except an apical ring, anterior and middle tibiae not
thickened, suffused with fuscous above. Fore-wings unicolorous
dark glossy slaty grey, with one or two pale scales at apex ; cilia
dark fuscous, with three obscure blackish lines round apex, and
a whitish hook. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Not apparently nearly allied to any described species; super-
ficially it seems to belong to the preceding group, but differs in

144 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MIORO-LEPIDOPTERA,

the middle tibiae being quite slender. One specimen beaten from
forest near Dunedin, New Zealand, in January.

Grac. plagata, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., Vol. I., 3rd Ser.

"5^". Head greyish-oelireous. Maxillary palpi white, spotted
with dark fuscous. Labial palpi white, base of second joint and
two spots on terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae pale fuscous,
with darker annulations, basal joint j)ale ochreous-grey in front,
dark fuscous behind. Thorax greyish-ochreous. Legs white,
tarsi spotted with dark fuscous, anterior and middle tibiae dark
brown. Fore-wings greyish-ochreous, faintly olive, with an
oblique darker fascia beyond middle, followed by a large irregular
blue-black blotch ; before the apical black spot is a slender whitish
fascia, perpendicularly placed ; basal portion of wing rather
irregularly marbled with darker, the first defined marking being
the oblique fascia, which is anteriorly edged with blackish, and
broadest on inner margin ; the blotch beyond this begins on the
disc, sharply edged with black ; it then extends to the costa on
which it is of considerable breadth, enclosing a small costal spot
of the pale ground-colour ; it slopes gradually towards inner
margin, reaching it just at anal angle, its outer edge pretty
well defined with black scales and followed immediately by a
slightly oblique fascia of the pale ground-colour towards the costa
but much suffused towards inner margin ; this is followed by a
fuscous patch nearly of the colour of the central fascia, intersected
by an oblique, black streak, beyond which is the slender,
perpendicularly placed, dark-margined white fascia ; a minute,
black apical spot; cilia olive-brown, paler towards tips, intersected
by two blackish lines, on inner-margin dark grey. Hind-wings
dark grey, cilia grey."

The above is Stainton's original description, accompanied by a
figure, and taken from a single specimen, said to be from the
neighbourhood of Brisbane. The species appears to be somewhat
allied to syrmgella, F., and intermediate between the two main

BE E. MEYRICK, B.A. 145

divisions of tlie genus ; I have not met with, any specimens coming
at all near the description, so that it is probably a subtropical
species.

Grac. lepidella, n. sp.

^ . Z^"A\". Head and thorax whitish-ochreous or white mixed
with fuscous. Maxillary palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint
black. Labial palpi whitish-ochreous, second joint and a median
ring of terminal joint blackish. Antennae slightly longer than
fore-wings, whitish-ochreous, annulated with dark fuscous.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior and middle
tibise somewhat thickened, blackish ; tarsal joints with black
apical rings, broadest on basal joint, basal joint of posterior tarsi
also with broad black median ring. Fore-wings brownish-
ochreous, clouded with black, and with two fasciae and four spots
white, confusedly black-margined ; first spot on inner margin
near base, large, irregular, meeting a blackish cloud on costa ;
first fascia at I, second in middle, both rather narrow, straight,
perpendicular ; intermediate between them is a transverse fascia-
like blackish cloud, and another similar one beyond second fascia,
distinct and clearly margined posteriorly, meeting the very small
second spot on anal angle ; third spot on costa beyond f , small,
wedge-shaped, broadly margined posteriorly by a black subapical
fascia from costa to hind-margin ; fourth apical, somewhat fascia-
like, extending into cilia above apex ; cilia pale fuscous-grey,
with four irregular black lines round apex. Hind-wings and
cilia, fuscous- grey.

Not closely allied to any known species. Two specimens taken
on a fence near Sydney, in September and January.

Grac. ordinatella, n. sp.

? . 4". Head and thorax ochreous-white. Maxillary palpi
whitish, terminal joint fuscous. Labial palpi whitish, a broad
apical ring on second joint, a median and an apical ring of
s

146 DESCRIPTIOIs^S OF AUSTRALIAN MICEO-LEPIDOPTERA,

terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae ochreous-white, becoming
obscurely dark fuscous at apex. Abdomen above fuscous-grey,
beneath, white with black rings. Legs white ; anterior and
middle tibiae somewhat thickened, base narrowl}' and apex broadl}^
black, tarsi with two black rings ; 'posterior tibia3 stiff -haired
above, with median and apical black bands, tarsi with bases of
joints narrowly and centres of first and second joints broadly
black-banded. Fore-wings greyish-oclireous, irrorated with
blackish, along costa suffused with blackish, with three fasciae
and two spots, white spotted with black and edged with black
scales ; first fascia at I, perpendicular, broader on inner margin
and suffusedly produced on inner margin towards base, containing
costal, discal, and dorsal black spots ; the basally produced portion
projects across disc close to base, between which and the fascia is
a white dot below costa ; second fascia from costa slightly before
middle, outwardly oblique, evenly broad, irregularly margined,
containing large subcostal and discal black spots, and a few black
scales on inner margin ; third fascia from costa slightly before f ,
parallel to second, narrower, and partially interrupted on disc,
containing large subcostal black spot ; a small irregular partially
black- centred costal spot at f ; a rather large apical spot, con-
taining a few black scales ; cilia dark fuscous-grey, with a blackish
line round apex. Hind-wings dark fuscous, cilia fuscous-grey.

Somewhat allied to the preceding, but distinguished from aU
by the black spots in the white fasciae ; quadrifasciata, Stt., from
India (bred from Urena lohata) seems from the figure to be an
allied species. One specimen on a fence near Sydney in June.

Grac. tricuneatella, n. sp.

$ ? . 4". Head and palpi snow-white, apex of maxillary palpi
dark fuscous ; labial palpi with apex of second joint and a sub-
apical ring of terminal joint dark fuscous. Antennae longer than
fore-wings^ dark fuscous with faintly paler annulations, basal
joint white. Thorax greyish-ochreous. Abdomen dark fuscous,

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 147

beneath whitisli. Legs wliite ; anterior tibiee black "with white
basal and median bands, middle tibiae slightly thickened, black
with white median band, posterior tibiae with narrow basal and
broad median black bands, all tarsi with four black bands. Fore-
wings moderately dark greyish-ochreous, with three sometimes
confluent wedge-shaped fasciae and two spots snow-white, black
margined ; first and second fasciae very narrow on costa, rapidly
dilating, very broad on fold, narrower on inner margin, second
more oblique ; third oblique, formed by union of very small costal
spot and very large dorsal triangle ; these three are sometimes
confluent along fold ; a small costal spot before apex, j)roduced
as an oblique narrow streak to hind-margin ; a small apical spot,
extending into cilia ; cilia round apex whitish, with two partial
black lines, thence pale grey. Hind wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Distinguished from the allied species by the greyish-ochreous
thorax and strongly dilated fasciae. The imago is retired in habits ;
taken sparingly in April on the creek at Parramatta amongst its
foodplant, and also bred.

Larva tapering posteriorly throughout, segments deeply incised;
dull yellowish, tinged with greenish-grey, each segment with an
irregular, oblong transverse, blackish-green dorsal spot ; head
black, with a pale line on each side meeting behind ; anal segment
very small, blackish. Feeds in irregular flat whitish blotches
beneath upper surface of leaves of Ttjplia latifolia fTyphaceceJ, in
March. Pupa inside the mine in an oval flattened cocoon.

Grac. autadelpha, n. sp.

(^ $ . Sl"-Sf'. Head, thorax, and palpi snow-white, terminal
joint of labial palpi with slender black basal and subapical rings.
Antennae longer than forewings, dark fuscous, whitish at base,
basal joint white with black apex. Abdomen dark fuscous, anus
white, beneath white with slender black rings posteriorly. Anterior
tibiae blackish, with indistinct basal and median whitish rings,
tarsi white with two dark fuscous bands : middle tibiae somewhat

148 DESCRIPTIOXS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEBA,

tMckened, blackish with, broad white median band, tarsi white
with two dark fuscous bands ; posterior tibia) dark fuscous with
narrow basal and broad median white bands, tarsi white with
four dark fuscous bands. Fore-wings deep ochreous-grey, with
three straight fasciae and two spots snow-white, black margined ;
base narrowly white ; first fascia very broad, almost as broad on
costa as on inner margin, outer edge irregular ; second fascia less
broad, not oblique, irregular-margined, rather broadest on inner
margin ; third oblique, very broad on inner margin, very narrow
on costa, strongly contracted below costa, rarely interrupted, but
if so, costal spot minute, dorsal very large ; a small costal sj^ot
before apex, indistinctly obliquely produced to hind-margin,
sometimes obscured with black scales ; an ovate apical spot,
extending into cilia ; cilia whitish round apex, with a black line,
thence fuscous-grey. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia paler.

Differs from tricuneatella, especially by the white thorax ; very
closely allied to the succeeding cmnotheta, easiest distinguished by
the white basal joint of antennae and different shape of fasciae.
Frequents dry scrub ; the larva is no doubt attached to one of the
ProteacecB, probably to a Banlcsia ; the food plant oi ccenotheta does
not grow where this species has been taken. Scarce ; in the bush
near Sydney, in February and March.

Grac. caenotheta, n. sp.

^ $ . 3y'-4". Head and palpi snow-white, terminal joint of
labial palpi with slender, black, basal and sub-apical rings.
Antennae longer than fore-wings, grey-whitish towards base,
becoming bark fuscous towards apex, basal joint black. Thorax
white, anterior margin narrowly black. Abdomen blackish, anus
white, beneath with white rings. Anterior tibiae black, with
indistinct basal and median whitish rings, tarsi white with two
black bands ; middle tibiae somewhat thickened, black with broad
median white band, tarsi white with two black bands ; posterior
tibiae black with narrow basal and broad median white bands,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 149

tarsi white with four black bands. Fore-wings deep oclireous-
grey, with two strait fascipo and four spots snow-white, black
margined ; base narrowly white ; first fascia broad, dilating from
costa to inner margin, outer edge irregular ; second much narrower
broadest on inner-margin, slightly oblique outwardly ; a small
costal spot at f and a rather larger one somewhat beyond it on
inner margin, nearly meeting ; a smaller costal spot immediately
before apex, produced by black scales obliquely to hind-margin ;
a rather large ovate apical spot, extending into cilia ; cilia greyish-
ochreous beneath apex, with a black line, thence fuscous-grey.
Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia paler.

Very close to the preceding species, but the basal joint of
antennae is black above, and the third fascia is always represented
by two not very unequal opposite spots. The Indian ternmialice,
Stt., belongs to this group, but the third fascia is represented by
a costal spot only ; it was bred from Terminalia catappa. The
imago of cmiotlieta is retired in habits, and I have only once taken
it ; I bred several from the larvse, which are not uncommon ; I
have only found the species at Blackheath on the summit of the
Blue Mountains, 3,500 feet above the sea.

Larva yellowish, (undescribed) ; feeds in a large irregular
whitish blotch in upper surface of leaves of Telopea speciosissima
fProteaceceJ, the well-known '' Waratah" ; the mine is at first flat
but later the upper epidermis contracts and causes the formation
of a hollow chamber, somewhat similar to the mines of- the genus
Lithocolletis, but much larger in proportion. Pupa in an ochreous
cocoon, outside the mine.

Grac. hoplocala, n. sp.

S ? . 3|"-4". Head and palpi snow-white, apex of second joint
of labial palpi faintly grey. Antennae dark fuscous with faint
paler annulations, basal joint white. Thorax white, lateral
margins golden-brown. Abdomen fuscous-grey, beneath white
with dark bands. Legs white, anterior tibito blackish with a

150 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

white spot, middle tibiae slightly thickened with black median and
apical bands, posterior tibiae stiff-haired with blackish apical and
subapical bands, all tarsi with five black rings. Fore-wings
rather pale golden-brown, with a fascia and four spots snow-white
black-margined ; first spot on inner margin almost at base, black-
margined externally only, fascia-like, rather oblique, not reaching
costa, indistinct above ; fascia before^, somewhat oblique inwardly,
narrow on costa, gently dilated to fold, where it is much less broad
than in calicella, thence parallel-sided ; second spot on costa before
f , very small ; third very large, acute-triangular, on inner margin
at anal angle, its apex only separated from second spot by the
black margins ; fourth forming an oblique subapical streak from
costa to middle of hind margin ; cilia fuscous-grey, with two
black streaks radiating from apex at an obtuse angle, the lower
produced backwards into white costal cilia. Hind- wings and cilia
fuscous-grey.

Allied to the three preceding species, but with only one complete
fascia ; very nearly allied to the following calicella, Stt., but
immediately known by the absence of one of the costal spots, as
well as the narrower fascia. Taken rather freely on a fence in
Sydney in October, during windy weather ; the larva is probably
attached to some species of Eucalyptus.

Grac. calicella, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Vol. I., 3rd Ser.

^ ? . 3|-"-4|-". Head and palpi snow-white, apex of second
joint of labial palpi faintly grey. Antennae dark fuscous, faintly
annulated with paler, towards base whitish. Thorax snow-white
lateral margins ochreous-brown. Abdomen fuscous-grey, beneath
white with narrow dark bands. Legs whitish, anterior and middle
tibiae slightly thickened, with black median and apical bands,
posterior tibiae stiff -haired, all tarsi with five black rings. Fore-
wings rather pale golden brown, with a fascia and five spots snow-
white, black margined (except fii-st) ; first spot on inner margin
almost at base, not blackmargined, fascia-like, very oblique, not

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 151

reaching costa, above indistinct ; fascia before I, very narrow on
costa, very rapidly dilated and extremely broad on fold, where its
outer edge is angulated inwards to inner margin ; second spot on
middle of costa, small, outwardly oblique ; third on costa beyond
it, much slenderer, rather less oblique ; fourth broadly triangular
on inner margin at anal angle, united to third by a small black
cloud ; fifth forming an oblique subapical streak from costa to
middle of hind-margin ; cilia fuscous-grey, with two black streaks
radiating from apex at an obtuse angle, the lower produced
backwards into white costal cilia. Hind-wings and cilia fuscous-
grey.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but recognisable by the
additional spot in middle of costa, and the more strongly dilated
fascia. I have little doubt that my specimens are really Stainton's
species ; the only point of difference in his description is that he
represents the first spot on inner margin as being extended to
costa, which may be a slight error or an individual variety, as the
description was taken from one specimen only, sent from Brisbane ;
moreover he gives the size as only 3", and the fascia in his figure
appears to be less broad ; however it seems best to adopt his
name. I have only once taken the imago ; I have bred it sparingly
from larvEe found in the dry bush round Sydney and Parramatta.
in July and October.

Larva yellowish, tapering posteriorly; feeds in a broad, flat,
irregular blotch in upper surface of leaves of Uucali/ptus, sp., in
September. Pupa in a flat cocoon within the mine. In the case
of this and other Eucalyptus-feeding insects it i^ commonly very
difiicult or impracticable to discover the specific name of the
Eucalyptus to which they are attached ; the determination of this
genus is always difficult, and the larvae are generally found to
occur on young plants which have not yet flowered.

Grac. chalcoptera, n.sp.
? . 4". Head, thorax, and palpi bright metallic coppery bronze.
Anteunse dark fuscous with indistinct paler rings, basal joint

152 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

bronze. Abdomen very dark purplisli-fuscous. Legs coppery-
bronze, tarsi bronzy-fuscous, paler towards base of joints, middle
tibise hardly thickened. Fore-wings bright metallic coppery-
bronze, with two small yellowish-white spots ; first on inner-
margin beyond middle, narrow, curved, parallel-sided, not reaching
middle of disc ; second on costa before apex, wedge-shaped,
outwardly curved, reaching half across wing ; cilia dark fuscous,
with indistinct blackish lines round apex. Hind- wings dark
fuscous, cilia rather paler.

A brilliant insect, somewhat aUied to the group of auroguttella,
Stph. One specimen taken in March with a lamp amongst the
reedbeds in the creek at Parramatta.

Grac. ethela, n. sp.

^ $ . 5V-5f". Head yellow on crown, crimson behind, face
snow-white with a pale crimson-pink spot on each side. Maxillary
palpi white, lower f externally pale crimson. Labial palpi white,
second joint externally crimson, beneath fringed with a few loose
hairs. Antennae much longer than fore-wings, pale greyish-
ochreous, basal joint yellow. Thorax yellow, anterior margin
broadly crimson, and with a small crimson spot behind. Abdomen
pale greyish-ochreous. Legs yellowish- white, tarsi with very
slender blackish rings at apex of joints, anterior and middle tibiae
slightly thickened, crimson-fuscous at apex and with two slender
dark fuscous rings. Fore-wings pale yello\^, deeper along inner
margin, with a bright crimson irregular- edged undulating central
streak from base to apex, connected with inner margin by four
perpendicular half -fasciae, one close to base, the others at I, I,
and f , and expanding abruptly at apex into a large apical spot ;
at the base this streak reaches costa, and at i from base is again
connected with it by a perpendicular spot ; beyond this on costa
are two small crimson strigulae ; central streak in parts margined
above with black ; parallel to its upper edge, and immediately
above it, is a waved, black, longitudinal line, extending from

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 153

midway between third and fourth, inner-marginal spot to midway
between fourth and apical spot ; apical spot pure crimson, contain-
ing a circular black spot above centre, above which the colour
becomes brownish-ochreous and is margined on costa with black ;
lower half of apical spot filled up with a sharp wedge-shaped
snow-white spot, the base of which is yellow and separated from
the rest by a crimson line : cilia yellow round apex, containing a
blackish hook, crimson below apical spot, thence pale crimson-
grey. Hind- wings dull pale purple-crimson, costal cilia grey,
rest suffused with pale crimson.

Var. a. — aU the crimson markings replaced by dull fuscous.

This exceedingly beautiful insect cannot be compared with any
other, but is probably most allied to for mosa and ida, The loosely
haired second joint of the palpi render it peculiar in the genus,
but the hairs do not form a tuft, and it cannot therefore be referred
to Coriscium, to which it is not otherwise specially related*
probably Stainton is correct in stating his opinion that a konwledge
of the exotic species of Gracilaria will tend to widen the definition
of the generic structure in respect of the scaling of the labial
palpi, in which allied species deviate. I took seven very perfect
specimens (six typical, one of the variety) amidst dense growth
in the swampy virgin forest near Hamilton, on the Waikato, New
Zealand, in January, mostly under tree-ferns. New Zealand
insects are usually rather sombre ; and I shall not easily forget
the emotion with which, in the depths of the forest shades, I saw
this lovely insect, whose ethereally pure hues cause it to be one
of the most wonderful manifestations of the beauty of nature.

Q-rac. formosa, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Vol. I., 3rd Ser.
^ ? . 4^"-5". Head pale yellow, with a central stripe on crown
and the sides crimson ; face white with a few crimson scales.
Maxillary palpi white, faintly crimson-tinged. Labial palpi white
second joint externally faintly suffused with crimson and with
slender dark fuscous apical and subapical rings, terminal joint

154 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

with slender ring near base. Antennse longer than fore- wings,
pale ochreous-brown, darker towards apex, basal joint yellow in
front, crimson above. Thorax crimson, with a white central streak.
Abdoman dark fuscous, at base ochreous, beneath white. Legs
whitish ; anterior tibi?e crimson, apex suffused with dark fuscous,
middle tibiae somewhat thickened, almost tufted at apex, crimson
with j^ellow basal and median bands, all tarsi with dark fuscous
rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings crimson, paler and partially
suffused with yellow along costa, especially beyond middle, with
a basal streak, six costal and four dorsal streaks, and a spot on
fold white, partially suffused with yellow ; basal streak very short,
irregular, dark-margined, its extremity produced through centre
of wing to middle as a dark fuscous line ; first and second costal
streaks irregular, very oblique, white, not margined; third
elongate-triangular, very oblique, not margined ; fourth irregular
black margined ; fifth short, less oblique, strongly black margined,
the black margins continued to anal ; costal space between fourth
and fifth yellwish- white ; sixth short, black margined, not oblique,
black margins produced to hind-margin and diverging; first
dorsal spot at base, very small ; second small, opposite first costal,
obtuse-triangular, white, black edged in front on inner-margin ;
third before middle, yellow, very broad on inner-margin, very
much contracted on fold and proceeding as a very oblique white
dark-margined streak to disc ; fourth yellow, very broad on inner-
margin, extending from middle to anal angle, obtuse-triangular,
apex dark-margined ; a round white spot on fold between second
and third, not touching either ; hind-margin suffused with dark
fuscous except within the two pairs of dark streaks from costa ;
apical spot round, black ; cilia crimson at apex, yellow on hind-
margin, thence dark fuscous, with a crimson subapical hook.
Hind-wings and cilia dark grey.

Stainton's description clearly includes both this insect and the
succeeding species, which is very closely allied to it ; they are
however certainly distinct. His figure seems to be taken from a

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 155

specimen of this species, for which. I have accordingly retained
the name. The true formosa is best known by the narrower fore-
wings, yellower markings, which also differ in detail, and especially
by the round white spot on the fold, which in Grac. ida, forms
part of a dorsal streak. A widely distributed species, but almost
always taken singly, without any clue to its habits ; occurs at
Sydney, Parramatta, and BuUi, and also near Brisbane and
Melbourne, from October to March without apparent interruption,
usually in thick bush.

Grac. ida, n. sp.

^ ? . b"-by. Head white, very faintly tinged with yellowish,
with a broad central stripe on crown and the sides crimson ; face
white, speckled with crimson. Maxillary palpi white, apex of
second and terminal joints dark fuscous. Labial palpi white,
base and apex crimson, second joint with subapical and apical
rings, terminal joint with a ring near base dark fuscous. Antennae
longer than fore-wings, ochreous-grey, darker towards apex,
basal joint crimson, in front white. Thorax whitish, irregularly
suffused and spotted with crimson. Abdomen blackish, beneath
snow-white. Legs whitish, anterior tibise crimson with two
slender white rings, middle tibiae somewhat thickened, almost
tufted at apex, with two white bands, all tarsi with slender dark
fuscous rings at apex of joints. Fore- wings crimson, disc usually
suffused with fuscous-grey, with seven costal and normally five
(sometimes partially confluent) dorsal streaks and an apical spot
white, faintly tinged with creamy-yellowish ; a minute white spot
on costa at base ; first, second, and third costal streaks irregular,
very oblique, not margined, reaching middle of wing ; fourth
subquadrate, unmargined ; fifth immediately adjacent to fourth,
fifth and sixth short, subquadrate, each enclosed between dark
fuscous margins which are extended very obliquely to beyond
middle of wing, ending in loops ; costal space between fifth and
sixth white j seventh subquadrate, enclosed between dark margins

156 DESCRIPTIONS OF AXTSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

contracted and produced to middle of hind-margin ; first dorsal
spot small, close to base ; second and third long, acute-triangular
very oblique, second sometimes confluent with first on margin ;
fourth before anal angle, obtuse-triangular, not oblique ; fifth on
hind-margin above anal angle, elongated along margin, some-
times confluent with fourth ; a small white spot above middle of
wing between second and third costal streaks ; a curved white
streak immediately before apex, enclosing a round black apical
spot ; cilia yellowish round apex, with two crimson hooks, thence
dark fuscous-grey. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Somewhat less brightly coloured than /orwios^, but even more
elegant. At first sight the two species are very similar, and both
are somewhat variable, but within constant limits; for the
identification of this species I should lay stress upon the broader
wings, the frequent (but not invariable) suffusion with fuscous-
grey, the irregular crimson spotting of the thorax, the head white
rather than yellow, and the detailed differences in marking,
especially the presence of several additional small spots, the
absorption of the spot on the fold by the second dorsal streak,
and the termination of the dark costal streaks not on hind-margin
but in loops before reaching it. The species is also widely
distributed, and has the same habits as the last ; taken at Sydney,
Parramatta, Bulli, and Brisbane, from August to November, in
January, and March.

Grac. mnesicala, n. sp.

^ . 3f". Head and palpi snow-white, terminal joint of labial
palpi with slender black basal, central, and apical rings. Antennae
as long as fore-wings, white, annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax
white, posteriorly brownish-ochreous. Abdomen pale greyish-
ochreous. Legs white, tarsal joints very slenderly black at apex,
anterior and middle tibiae ringed with black, not thickened.
Fore-wings snow-white, inner margin within an irregular line
from centre of base to anal angle brownish-ochreous, intersected

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 157

by two very oblique white lines before and beyond middle ; eight
dark fuscous oblique, transverse strigulse from costa between base
and f , nearly reaching inner-marginal streak, the first four
interrupted and broken into spots, the seventh connected on disc
with a longitudinal strigula from centre of wing ; between the
eighth and apex are two other similar, less oblique strigulse from
costa reaching across wing, the interior one connected with the
eighth by three longitudinal streaks ; a small cloudy subapical
fuscous spot, and a black apical dot ; cilia white round apex, with
a greyish-ochreous spot at apex, and with two faint fuscous lines,
thence whitish-grey. Hind- wings fuscous-grey, cilia whitish-grey.

Allied to the preceding and following species, but at once
distinguished from all by the ochreous inner-marginal streak.
Two specimens taken in dry scrub near Sydney and Parramatta,
in September.

Grac. lyginella, n. sj).
^ . S". Head and palpi snow-white, terminal joint of labial
palpi with a black subapical ring. Antennae as long as fore-
wings, white, annulated with black. Thorax white (?). Abdomen
greyish-ochreous, anal segment black at base. Legs white,
tarsal joints very broadly black at base, tibiae irregularly banded
with black, not thickened. Fore-wings white, with blackish-
fuscous markings, tending to become suffused towards apex ; a
central streak from base to middle of wing ; an inwardly oblique
costal strigula near base ; two costal spots before and after I, the
first larger ; between the second and the basal streak is a short
longitudinal streak ; beyond these are three irregular oblique
strigulae from costa becoming confluent on disc and extending
confusedly to inner-margin ; on inner-margin is a small spot near
base, and two oblique strigulae before middle, uniting with basal
streak ; a cloudy costal spot before apex ; an elongated black
apical streak ; cilia round apex white with two black lines, thence
fuscous-grey. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia rather paler.

158 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Distinguished by its small size and cloudy markings, wMcli
also differ in detail. One sjpecimen only, from diy busli at
Parramatta in October.

Grac. aellomacha, n. sp.

^ . 3|-". Head and palpi snow-white, labial palpi with apex
of second joint and a subapical ring of terminal joint black.
Antennee longer than fore- wings, white. Thorax snow-white,
with a small black shoulder spot. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath
with white rings and white towards apex. Legs white, tarsi with
three black rings, anterior tibiae black, middle tibiae hardly
thickened, apical half black. Fore-wings white, with coarsely
scaled fuscous-black markings ; a cloudy, central, longitudinal
streak from near base to disc above anal angle, connecting
obscurely with seven oblique costal and five oblique dorsal streaks ;
costa blackish at base ; first and second costal streaks thick, hardly
oblique, meeting first and second dorsal streaks ; third slender,
very short, not reaching central streak ; fourth strong, from middle
of costa ; fifth slender, short ; sixth thick, black, \QTy oblique,
uniting with the small fifth dorsal on anal angle ; fourth dorsal
thick, before middle ; seventh costal slender, produced nearly to
hind-margin ; apical spot black, large, round, cloudy ; cilia white
round apex, dark fuscous at anal angle, with two black lines and
a short black apical hook, thence fuscous-grey. Hind-wings
fuscous-grey, cilia paler.

Not particularly close to the preceding ; it resembles rather the
figure of Zellers's urhcmella, from South America, which however
he considers to be hardly a true Gracilaria. One specimen from
forest growth at Wellington, New Zealand, in January.

Grac. thalassias, n. sp.

S^.2l"-2>\". Head and maxillary palpi white. Labial palpi
white, second joint loosely scaled beneath, with apex blackish,
terminal joint with slender blackish median and subapical rings.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 159

Antennae not longer than fore-wings, white, annnlated with dark
fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins ochreous. Abdomen
pale greyish-ochreous, beneath white. Legs white, anterior and
middle tibiae hardly thickened, blackish with three white rings,
all tarsi with blackish rings at apex of joints. Fore- wings varying
from pale clear ochreous to greyish-ochreous, with a basal streak,
five costal and three dorsal streaks white ; basal streak rather
short, rather slender, not margined, sometimes connected at its
middle with costa ; first costal streak at I, second at ^, both long,
slender, oblique, dark-margined ; third rather less oblique, dark-
margined, more or less perfectly uniting with third dorsal streak
from anal angle ; fourth costal from before apex to middle of
hind-margin, continued into cilia, dark-margined ; first dorsal
slightly beyond first costal, rather long, very oblique, dark-
margined above, produced along inner-margin as a white
unmargined streak to base ; second dorsal rather thick, irregular,
its apex swollen, dark-margined, very oblique ; a small white
apical spot, continued above into cilia, enclosing the small linear-
ovate black apical dot; cilia greyish-ochreous round apex,
extremities white, beneath apex whitish. Hind- wings and cilia
whitish-grey.

This species belongs to the group oipavoniella, Z., but is readily
known by its pale ground colour, which gives it much the appear-
ance of some species of Lithocolletis. Where its foodplant grows,
the imago may be taken in great profusion, flying out in swarms
when the bush is shaken ; it occurs principally on coast sand-
hills, at Sydney and Newcastle, New South Wales, from September
to January, and in May.

Larva slightly tapering posteriorly, very pale whitish-green,
yellowish-tinged on back; head very pale whitish-brown. It
mines the leaves of Leptospermum Icevigatum fMyrtacecBj, forming
a blotch which occupies the whole of the small leaf, both surfaces
being much inflated, in January (and no doubt at other times).
Pupa outside the mine, in a firm white cocoon beneath a folded

160 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

corner of leaf. I have also found tlie larva on Agonis flexuosa, a
closely allied plant, but a native of West Australia, and only-
found here under cultivation ; it does not however frequent the
other common species of Leptospermum.

Grac. eumetalla, n. sp.

^ $ . 3"-3i". Head, palpi, and thorax bright metallic bronzy-
green, face bright silvery. Antennae as long as fore-wings,
blackish. Abdomen black above, silvery- white beneath. Legs
metallic silvery, posterior tibiae stiff-haired above, and, together
with tarsi, suffused externally with fuscous. Fore- wings bright
metallic coppery or bronzy green, with white violet- shining
markings, consisting of four costal and four dorsal short slender
wedgeshaped streaks, and a discal spot, all black-margined ; first
costal streak at \, second at ^, both slightly oblique outwardly ;
third at f , short, not oblique ; fourth uniting with fourth dorsal
streak to make an inwardly curved fascia ; first dorsal streak
much before first costal, rather long, curved, very oblique ; second
short, straight, between first and second costal streaks ; third
opposite third costal, outwardly oblique, nearly uniting with
fourth ; a small irregular, sometimes double, discal spot between
second and third pairs of streaks ; apical spot round, black,
obscure ; cilia blackish-fuscous, with a black line round apex.
Hind- wings and cilia blackish-grey.

A briUiant insect, distinguished amongst its allies fey its bright
metallic colouring. I beat several specimens from a phyllodineous
Acacia (to which it is probably attached) near Brisbane in
September ; also once taken on a fence near Sydney, in October.

Grac. eupetala, n. sp.

^ $ . 3^-31-". Head and palpi bright metallic grey-silvery.

Antennae as long as fore-wings, blackish. Thorax deep metallic

bronze. Abdomen blackish, beneath snow-white with black

bands. Legs dark fuscous, tarsal joints with slender whitish

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 161

apical rings. Fore- wings pale golden-oehreous on disc, elsewhere
especially on inner-margin, suffused with, dark metallic bronze,
with pearly-white obscurely dark-margined markings, consisting
of four costal and four dorsal streaks or spots, and a small discal
spot ; first three costal streaks before and beyond middle and at
f , slender, short, oblique, with violet reflections ; fourth closely
after third not oblique ; first dorsal spot conspicuous, broadly
wedgeshaped, oblique and curved outwards; second rather smaller,
triangular, not oblique, between first and second costal ; third
still smaller, triangular, opposite third costal ; fourth minute,
indistinct, opposite fourth costal; discal spot small, circular,
between second and third pairs of streaks ; apical space suffused
with blackish ; cilia white round apex, with a black line, thence
fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Nearly allied to the preceding, but much less brilliant, and the
first three dorsal spots are much broader and more conspicuous.
Not common ; in Acacia groves near Parramatta, and on fences
in Sydney. I once bred the species, almost certainly from a branch
of Acacia decurrens, fLegurninoscBj, which was in my room ; but
the larva had not been noticed.

Note. — I have found a Gracilaria larva mining flat whitish
blotches in the phyUodia of Acacia longifolia, which I have not
yet succeeded in breeding ; it is probably an allied species.

Grac. alysidota, n. sp.

^ $ . 3"-4^". Head white, with a dark fuscous stripe on sides.
Palpi whitish, maxillary palpi very short. Antennae not longer
than fore-wings, dark fuscous, apical third white. Thorax dark
fuscous, with a white spot in front. Abdomen dark fuscous,
beneath white. Legs greyish-fuscous, apex of tarsal joints
indistinctly whitish, posterior tibiae stiff-haired near apex. Fore-
wings dark fuscous, towards apex sometimes suffused with
ochreous, with five costal and four dorsal streaks, and a streak
along inner-margin white, blackish-margined ; first costal streak
V

162 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

at I, rather long, very oblique, slightly produced along costa
towards base ; second at ^, longer, very oblique ; tliird before f ,
rather shorter, equally oblique ; fourth short, not oblique,
uniting with fourth dorsal to form a straight slender fascia ; first
dorsal immediately before middle, short, oblique, connected with
a streak along inner-margin to base ; second beyond middle,
small, semiovate ; third opposite third costal, rather short,
oblique ; fifth costal apical, intersecting the round black apical
spot ; cilia whitish round apex, with two black lines, thence dark
fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Not very near to any described species ; easily recognised by
the white streak on basal half of inner-margin on a dark fuscous
ground. Three specimens, taken in mixed bush near Sydney,
and on the Bulli Pass, in October and March.

Grac. ochrocephala, n. sp.

^ $ . 4". Head whitish-ochreous above, face whitish. Maxil-
lary and labial palpi wholly white. Antennae longer than fore-
wings, dark fuscous, with faint paler annulations. Thorax whitish
ochreous, lateral margins ochreous-fuscous. Abdomen dark
fuscous, beneath narrowly white, anus white. Legs dark fuscous
posterior tibiae and apical rings of all tarsal joints ochreous-
whitish, posterior tibiae stiff -haired. Forewings deep brownish-
ochreous, with a broad stripe along inner-margin from base,
terminating abruptly at anal angle, whitish, entirely suffused with
ochreous except along its upper edge, black margined above ; a
clear white, black margined, slender, obhque streak from costa
at f, extending to hind-margin, its upper extremity produced
along costa as a very slender white unmargined streak to \ from
base ; a second similar parallel streak immediately before apex ;
cilia dark fuscous, containing two snow-white posteriorly black-
edged strigulae above apex, and an ochreous- whitish mark beyond
anal angle. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous, cilia slightly paler.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 163

This and tlie three following species are very closely allied
together; they belong to the group of scalariella,Z. 2i\\di gemoniella
Stt. They are best distinguished from one another by the
different groundcolours, and the colouring of the inner-marginal
streak and of the head ; ochrocephala is also to be known by the
slender white streak along costal edge. Two specimens, from
mixed growth at Sydney and on the Bulli Pass, in October and
November.

Grrac. nereis, n. sp.

(^ . 4i". Head and thorax glossy-white tinged with brassy-
yellow, lateral margins of thorax blackish. Maxillary palpi white,
exteriorly dark fuscous. Labial palpi white, second joint
exteriorly dark fuscous, terminal joint with some scattered
fuscous scales. AntennsB longer than fore-wings, dark fuscous.
Abdomen blackish above, wholly snow-white beneath. Legs
white, tarsal joints with broad dark fuscous rings at base, anterior
tibiae dark fuscous, middle til^ise hardly thickened, dark fuscous
with white median band, posterior tibiae stiff-haired. Eore-wings
dark fuscous, with a rather broad brassy yellowish-white stripe
along inner-margin from base terminating abruptedly at anal
angle, very strongly black margined above ; a white circular spot
on hind-margin just above anal angle ; a thick black oblique
streak from costa at four-fifths, extending to the white hind-
marginal spot ; a similar streak just before apex, ending in apex ;
cilia dark fuscous-grey, with two white posteriorly black margined
strigulae above apex, and a black apical hook. Hind-wings
blackish-fuscous, cilia slightly paler.

Nearest to didymella; distinguished by the darker ground
colour, brassy-metallic tints, and the obscuration of the white
costal streaks with black scales. One specimen on a fence in
Sydney, in November.

164 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Grac. didymella, n. sp.

^ . 4^". Head and palpi pure white, labial palpi with extreme
apex of second joint blackish. Antennae longer than fore- wings,
dark fuscous, beneath whitish ; basal joint black, longitudinally
striated with white. Thorax white, lateral margins dark fuscous.
Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath whitish, anal tuft white. Legs
whitish, suffused above with dark fuscous, except posterior tibise
and apex of tarsal joints; posterior tibiae stiff -haired above.
Fore-wings dark greyish-ochreous, with a broad white, above
black margined, stripe along inner-margin from base, abruptly
rounded oif at anal angle ; extreme inner-marginal edge faintly
ochreous; immediately beyond end of dorsal stripe a white
elongate spot along hind-margin ; a white strongly black margined
slender, oblique streak from costa at f , reaching hind-marginal
spot ; another similar parallel streak immediately before apex,
terminating in the small round, black, apical sj)ot ; cilia fuscous-
grey, with two white posteriorly black margined strigulse above
apex, inner one very marked. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia
paler.

Differs from both the preceding by the white head and almost
wholly white dorsal streak ; from ochrocephala also by the white
hind-marginal spot, and from nereis by the white costal streaks.
One specimen in a garden near Sydney in September.

Grac. laciniella, n. sp.

($ ? . 3-^-31". Head and palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi dark fuscous at apex, apical scales somewhat produced
beneath, terminal joint with a fuscous ring near base. Antennae
as long as fore-wings, white at base, becoming gradually dark
fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins dark greyish-ochreous.
Abdomen ochreous-grey, beneath pure white. Legs white,
anterior and middle tibi» hardly thickened, dark fuscous with
white rings near base and in middle, posterior tibiae stiff-haired,
all tarsi with apical bands of joints and two rings on basal joint

BE E. MEYRICK, B.A. 165

dark fuscous. Fore-wings oclireous-fuscous, witli a clear white
streak along fold from base to just above anal angle, not touching
inner-margin, margined with black above and below at extremity
only ; a white elongate spot on hind-margin ; an oblique slender
white black margined streak from costa at four-fifths, meeting the
white hind-marginal spot ; a second similar streak just before
apex ; both these streaks are often quite obsolete ; apical spot
irregular, black ; cilia fuscous-grey, with two white posteriorly
black margined strigulse above apex. Hind-wings and cilia
fuscous-grey.

Distinguished from its allies by its smaller size, and by the
white streak being clearly removed from inner-margin. It also
has the peculiar habit of holding its antennae porrected forwards,
and somewhat divergent, when at rest. A common species,
occurring among dry scrub near Sydney and Parramatta, at BuUi,
and at Blackheath on the Blue Mountains (3,500 feet); also at
Brisbane. It is generally beaten from Eucalyptus, and I have
found a larva mining flat whitish blotches in the leaves of
Eucaly2)tus, which I expected to produce it, but have not yet
succeeded in rearing.

Grac. albomarginata, Stt., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Vol. I.,

3rd Ser.

" 4|-". Head white, with a few grey scales. Maxillary palpi
white, very minute. Labial palpi white, with a dark grey ring
before apex of second joint, and base and apex of terminal joint
greyish. Antennae white, with grey annulations. Anterior tibiae
dark grey, tarsi white, with two broad dark grey blotches ;
middle tibia3 dark grey with white blotches, tarsi white ; posterior
tibiae whitish, tarsi white spotted with dark grey ; all the legs
appear usually hairy. Fore-wings dark brownish-grey, with a
narrow, white stripe all along inner-margin, and the costa
narrowly white from middle to near apex ; margins of these streaks
not sharply defined, that on the inner-margin especially is very

166 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAK MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

jagged ; a minute black apical spot, witli a metallic-bluish tinge ;
bind-margin expressed in black scales ; cilia grey, intersected by
a row of blackisb scales round the bind-margin, and with a
tendency to a small projecting blackisb book."

Tbe above is Stainton's description, taken from a single specimen
witb thorax injured, and no abdomen, from near Brisbane ; it
does not appear to correspond to any insect I have seen, but the
species is probably allied to the group of laciniella.

CORISCIUM, Z.

Head smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue long. AntennoD as long or
longer than fore- wings, slender, filiform. Maxilllary palpi rather
long, filiform. Labial palpi moderately long, slender, ascending,
second joint beneath with projecting tuft of hairs ; terminal joint
longer than second, pointed. Fore-wings elongate, very narrow,
parallel-sided. Hind-wings very narrowly-lanceolate, much
narrower than fore-wings, cilia thrice or four times as broad.
Abdomen elongate, slender. Legs long. Fore-wings with 12 or
1 1 veins, 5 branches to costa, no secondary cell, 1 simple. Hind-
wings with 8 veins ; 5 and 6 stalked, ceU open.

A small genus, comprising only some eight or nine species as
yet, but found in every part of the globe ; it only differs from
Gracilaria by the distinct rather long tuft of hairs on the second
joint of the palpi. In rex^ose they usually have the same attitude
as in Gracilaria ; the larval habits are also similar.

Cor. ochridorsellum, n. sp.

^ ? . 4^" -5". Head pure ochreous, face white. Maxillary
palpi whitish, basal joint fuscous. Labial palpi whitish, second
joint externally dark fuscous, with a blackish tuft nearly as long
as terminal joint, its anterior edge white ; terminal joint with an
indistinct fuscous ring near base. Antennae much longer than
fore-wings, dark fuscous with slender whitish annulations, basal
joint whitish. Thorax ochreous-whitish, with a dark fuscous

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 167

spot on shoulder. Abdomen pale greyish-oclireous, with a row
of oblique linear dark fuscous spots on sides. Legs slender, dark
fuscous, all tarsi with whitish rings at apex of joints, posterior
tibiae stiff -haired. Fore- wings blackish with a few ochreous scales,
with inner-margin rather broadly whitish-ochreous from base
almost to apex, dilating and becoming deeper ochreous above
anal angle ; three small white costal spots ; first beyond middle,
very small ; second and third near together before apex, slender,
oblique, meeting the dorsal streak ; extreme apex jet black ; cilia
whitish round apex, with two black lines, thence dark fuscous-
grey. Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Easily known by the broadly ochreous inner-margin. This
species walks with the forepart raised and the legs moderately
displayed, as usual in the genus ; but in repose on tree-trunks,
as it is generally found, the body is closely appressed to the bark,
and the anterior and middle pairs of legs stretched out laterally
and also closely appressed to the surface, a modification adopted
for the sake of concealment. The imago is common on the trunk
of its food-plant in gardens in Sydney, from November to
February.

Larva attenuated posteriorly, deep green ; head extremely
small, black ; it mines an irregular flat, rather small blotch, on
upper side of leaves of Phjllanthus Ferdinandi, fEuphorhiaceceJ,
in January and February. Pupa inside the mine, in a slight
cocoon ; this is certainly the normal habit.

Cor. seolellum, n. sp.

^. 4i". Head white, on crown tinged with ochreous and
mixed with grey. Maxillary palpi whitish. Labial palpi white,
second joint externally dark fuscous, with a blackish tuft nearly
as long as terminal joint ; terminal joint with two black rings.
Antennae longer than fore-wings, dark fuscous with paler
annulations, extreme apex white. Thorax ochreous-grey mixed
with dark fuscous. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Legs dark

168 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

fuscous, tarsi with white rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings
whitish, irrorated with dark grey-fuscous scales, especially towards
costa and apex, leaving an ill-defined whitish space along fold
from base to middle of wing, and with obscure black markings ;
a short central streak from base ; two large irregular discal spots
before and after middle ; some cloudy blackish spots beneath
costa ; a very oblique thick streak from f of costa nearly to hind-
margin, above which is a similar shorter streak, not reaching
costa ; a black curved transverse line across wing just before apex,
followed by a white line ; apical spot round, upper half white,
lower black ; cilia whitish round apex, with two black lines,
thence fuscous-grey. Hind-wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

An obscurely marked species, of which the only specimen is
not very perfect, but certainly distinct from the preceding. One
specimen taken on Mount Keira, near Wollongong, in October.

Epioephala, n. g.

Head roughly short-haired on crown, hairs longer and directed
forwards between antennse, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
moderate. Antennse longer than fore-wings, slender, fiiliform,
basal joint compressed. Maxillary palpi rather-long, filiform.
Labial palpi moderate, somewhat drooping, cylindrical, second
joint with appressed scales. Fore-wings elongate, narrow,
tolerably evenly pointed. Hind-wings narrow-lanceolate, cilia
as broad. Abdomen elongate, in ^ tufted, in $ with exserted
ovipositor. Legs moderate, slender. Fore-wings with 10 veins ;
4 branches to costa, no secondary cell, 1 simple. Hind-wings
with 7 veins ; 4 and 5 stalked, cell open.

In general structure near Ornix, Ti., though the head is not
quite so rough ; differs in the venation, and also in the peculiar
posture assumed in repose ; the imago rests with the head
appressed to the surface, the hind-part raised considerably and
seemingly to be supported on the posterior legs, the anterior and

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 169

middle pair extended laterally and appressed to the surface. The
wings are relatively broader than in Gracilaria.

Epic. colymbeteUa, n. sp.
S ? . 4|-"-5". Head white, with a few black hairs above
antennse. All palpi white, externally mixed with fuscous.
Antennae white, annulated with dark fuscsus. Thorax fuscous-
grey, speckled with whitish. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Legs
whitish, anterior and middle tibiae fuscous-grey, tarsal joints
fuscous-grey at base. Fore- wings whitish, densely irrorated with
dark fuscous-grey scales, the absence of which causes white mark-
ings, more or less strongly margined with dark fuscous-grey ;
three rather short oblique costal streaks, the first longest ; a fourth
immediately after third, a little before apex, not oblique, almost
or quite meeting a similar dorsal streak beyond anal angle ;
three other longer and more oblique dorsal streaks, but these are
almost always confused and confluent into an irregular streak
along inner margin ; a bright ochreous round apical spot, con-
taining a smaller black spot ; cilia round apex white, with two
strong black lines, thence dark fuscous-grey. Hind- wings and
cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Common on garden fences in Sydney, from "November to
January.

BEDELLID^.

Bedellia, Stt.

Head rough above, almost tufted, face smooth ; tongue short.
Antennae as long as fore-wings, filiform ; basal joint thickened.
No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi very short, somewhat porrected,
filiform. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, long-pointed. Hind-
wings linear-lanceolate, ^ of fore-wings, cilia six times as broad.
Abdomen moderate. Legs slender, posterior tibiae compressed,
hairy. Fore-wings with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 stalked, 4 branches to
V

170 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

costa, cell closed, 1 simple. Hind-wings without cell ; median
three-branclied, 1 branch, to costa.

There appears to be but one species known in this genus,
occurring throughout Europe and in North America, as well as
Australia. The imago rests with the fore-part somewhat raised,
but the fore-legs retracted beneath the body. The larva is
sixteen-legged, and mines flat blotches in leaves. The pupa is
naked and angulated, suspended from a leaf.

Bed. somnulentella, Z.

$ $ . 3V-4". Head and palpi whitish-ochreous mixed with
fuscous. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, in
front brownish-grey. Abdomen fuscous-grey, anal tuft ochreous.
Legs whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings pale dull-ochreous, suffused
and irrorated with brownish-grey, except on a streak along inner-
margin ; costal cilia sharply ochreous-whitish, the rest grey,
irrorated with darker at apex. Hind-wings and cilia grey.

The description is from Australian specimens, which do not
appear to differ specifically from the English. I have not however
observed the larva in this country as yet ; elsewhere it mines the
leaves of Convolvulus and Ipomcea. It hardly seems a very likely
species to have been introduced artificially, but it does not now
seem easy to decide ; it is not confined to the near neighbourhood
of civilisation, and there are many native species of Ij^omoea.
Taken commonly in particular localities at Sydney and Parramatta
and amongst the dense forest growth on the descent of the Bulli
Pass, where it is especially abundant.

Arctocoma, n. g.
Head roughly haired above, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
short. Antennae rather shorter than fore-wings, filiform, basal
joint somewhat thickened. No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi
very short, drooping. Fore-wings elongate-lanceolate, rather
broad comparatively. Hind-wings lanceolate, ^ of fore-wings,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 171

cilia thrice as broad. Abdomen moderate, stout. Legs ratlier
short, posterior tibiae compressed, very hairy. Fore-wings with
6 veins ; 1 and 2 simple ; 3, 4, 5 to costa, forming branches of
subcostal vein ; no cell. Hind- wings without cell ; median
simple ; submedian very obsoletely twice-branched.

Allied to the preceding genus, but distinguished by the much
broader wings, the antennee shorter than fore-wings, and the low
type of neuration. The imago in repose sits closely appressed to
surface.

Arct. ursinella, n. sp.

^ ? . 3f "-4". Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen deep ochreous
brown. Antennae dark fuscous. Legs brownish-grey. Fore-
wings unicolorous rather- deep ochreous-brown; cilia fuscous-grey.
Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Beaten commonly from Acacia decurrens, at Parramatta, and
also at Bulli, in October.

LYONETID^.

Stegommata, n. g.

Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
moderate. Antennae as long or longer than fore-wings, slender,
filiform, basal join dilated into a moderate eyecap, fringed in
front. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Labial palpi moderately short,
straight, rather drooping, smoothly scaled. Fore-wing elongate,
narrow, pointed, apex caudate. Hind-wings linear-lanceolate,
cilia five times as broad. Abdomen elongate. Legs moderate,
slender. Fore-wings with 8 veins, cell closed, 1 strongly furcate
at base, 5, 6, 7 to costa. Hind-wings without cell ; median twice-
branched ; submedian apparently simple.

This genus is nearly allied to Lijonetia, Hb., and the neuration
is essentially identical ; it differs in the strongly-tufted, rough

1 72 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

head. The species have some superficial resemblance to Gracilaria,
but rest closely appressed to the surface.

Steg. leptomitella, n. sp.

^ ? . 3|-"-4". Head, palpi, and thorax white, crown with a
few fuscous-grey hairs. Antenna) white, annulated with dark
fuscous. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs white ; anterior tibise,
apex of middle and posterior tibiae and of all tarsal joints dark
fuscous-grey. Fore- wings white with dark fuscous-grey markings;
two obscure longitudinal parallel streaks above middle of wing
from near base to beyond middle, sometimes obliterated ; seven
very oblique streaks from costa, variable in thickness and intensity
meeting the longitudinal streaks when distinct ; beneath the two
longitudinal streaks are four longitudinal short black streaks on
disc, nearly in a line, third longest, in middle of wing, fourth
rather oblique upwardly ; five oblique dorsal streaks, but these
are generally partially obliterated or interrupted ; an irregular
black spot in cilia, preceded by two pairs of outwardly radiating
fuscous streaks, and followed by two dark fuscous lines round
apex ; hind-marginal cilia grey-whitish. Hind-wings grey, cilia
whitish-grey.

Tolerably common on some fences in Sydney, in December and
January.

Steg. sulfuratella, n. sp.

^ ? . 4"-4|-". Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax white, faintly
tinged with pale sulphur. Abdomen and legs white. Fore-
wings white, dorsal half delicately suffused with pale sulphur-
yellow ; a very faint pale ochreous, longitudinal line in centre of
wing from near base to beyond middle ; three costal and two
dorsal very faint ochreous oblique streaks ; costal streaks between
|- and apex, first dorsal streak in middle, second at anal angle,
dorsal margin faintly ochreous for a short distance before anal
angle ; a clear round black apical dot, preceded by two paii'S of

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 173

fuscous-grey outwardly radiating streaks in cilia, and an additional
streak in hind-marginal cilia, and emitting a fuscous-grey apical
hook ; cilia white. Hind-wings pale fuscous-grey, cilia white.

Not capable of being confused with the last species. Common
on fences in Sydney, in January and from April to August.

Phyllocnistis, Z.

Head smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue short. Antennae shorter than
fore-wings, slender, filiform, with a rather small eyecap. No
maxillary palpi. Labial palpi short, drooping, very slender,
filiform. Fore- wings elongate, narrow, pointed, apex rather
produced. Hind -wings very narrowly lanceolate, ^ of fore-wings,
cilia five times as broad. Fore-wings with 9 veins ; 4 and 5
stalked ; 4 branches to costa, cell closed, 1 simple. Hind-wings
without cell ; median twice-branched.

The genus contains only a few closely allied species, but is
found also in Europe, North and South America, and India. The
larvEG are apodal, mining blotches in leaves. The pupa is in a
cocoon inside the mine.

Phyll. diaugella, n.sp.

^ $ . lf"-2f". Head, palpi, antennse, thorax, abdomen, and
legs shining silvery- white. Fore- wings pearly white, with two
longitudinal fuscous streaks from base of costa to middle of disc,
not united posteriorly ; an outwardly oblique, rather curved
fuscous streak from costa beyond middle, nearly meeting a straight
perpendicular fuscous transverse fascia immediately beyond it,
the lower extremity of which sometimes forms a spot on inner-
margin ; between the fascia and apex is a rather large oval
golden-ochreous patch ; apical spot very distinct, round, black,
preceded by two divergent fuscous streaks in costal cilia, and two
others less distinct and equally divergent in hind-marginal cilia,
and emitting a short grey apical streak ; cilia white. Hind-wings
whitish, cilia white.

174 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Easily known from tlie following species by the longitudinal
lines, and the absence of the costal blotch. Some specimens are
extremely small, apparently the later brood. Taken occasionally
at Manly, near Sydney, where the larva is common ; in December
March, and May.

Larva apodal, somewhat tapering posteriorly, pale yellowish ;
mines a flat irregular blotch, apparently consisting of a spiral
gallery, in leaves of Eupliorhia sparmanni^ fEupho7hiace(zJ, in
February (and doubtless at other times),

Phyll. iodocella, n, sp.
^ . 2|". Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs shining
silvery- white. Antennae white, towards apex infuscated. Fore-
wings yellowish-white, with a semi-ovate dark fuscous, oblique
blotch on costa near base, reaching to middle of wing ; three
costal and one dorsal, slender, oblique dark fuscous streaks ; first
costal in middle, second very short, third longest, continued to
hind-margin; the dorsal streak beyond middle, bordered
posteriorly by a small greyish-fuscous spot ; dorsal margin
slenderly blackish about anal angle ; apical spot round, black,
with apparently three radiating fuscous streaks in cilia above it,
and one below it ; cilia white. Hind- wings and cilia white.

Conspicuous by the costal blotch near base. One specimen on
a fence in Sydney in November.

Opostega, Z.

Head smooth behind, roughly short-haired on face and fore-
head ; no ocelli ; no tongue. Antennae shorter than fore-wings,
thick, filiform, with a large eyecap. Maxillary palpi distinct.
Labial palpi short, drooping, terminal joint very short. Fore-
wings elongate, narrow, pointed. Hind-wings very narrowly
lanceolate, cilia long. Abdomen flattened. Legs moderate ;
posterior tibia3 and first joint of tarsi stiff -haired. Fore- wings

BY E. MEYKICK, B.A. 175

with, four simple attenuated longitudinal veins. Hind- wings
without cell ; median three-branched.

Also a small genus, of which the larvae are all practically
unknown, occurring in Europe and North America.

Op. orestias, n. sp.
? , 3". Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and legs
snow-white. Fore-wings snow-white, with a small, bright
ochreous-yellow apical blotch ; an oblique dark fuscous streak
from costa at f , bent posteriorly, ending in apex ; a small clear
black apical dot in cilia ; three rather indistinct radiating fuscous
streaks above it in costal cilia, the middle one darkest ; cilia
white. Hind-wings very pale whitish-grey, cilia white.

Distinguished by the yellow apex, and single costal streak.
One specimen near Brisbane in swampy bush, in September.

Op. stiriella, n. sp.

^ ? . 2j"-3". Head, palpi, thorax, abdomen, and legs snow-
white. Antennae ochreous with white rings, basal joint white.
Fore-wings snow-white ; costal edge slenderly blackish at base ;
a small wedge-shaped oblique dark fuscous spot on costa, and a
similar rather smaller one before middle of inner-margin, neither
extending across more than ^ of breadth of wing ; an oblique
ochreous-fuscous streak from f of costa, ending suffusedly in
apex; a minute black apical spot, with an inwardly oblique
fuscous streak above it in costal cilia, and sometimes a second
less oblique and very obscure, and one below it in hind-marginal
cilia ; cilia white. Hind- wings and cilia white.

Nearly allied to the following species, but may be known by
the white hind- wings, and the oblique spots never form a complete
fascia. Tolerably common at Parramatta, and in parts of the
dense forest-growth on the slope of the Bulli Pass, in September
and October, and again in March.

176 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Op. gepliyraea, n. sp.

^ $ . 3"-3f". Head, palpi, thorax, and legs snow-white, tarsi
slightly infuscated. Antennae ochreous-fuscous, very slenderly
annulated with white, basal joint white. Abdomen fuscous-grey.
Fore-wings snow-white, extreme edge very slenderly blackish ;
a rather broad oblique blackish-fuscous spot on middle of costa,
and a strong oblique fascia-form blackish- fuscous spot from before
middle of inner-margin, uniting to form an angulated fascia,
rarely not quite meeting ; a very oblique black streak from f of
costa to apex, anteriorly broadly edged with fuscous ; a second
similar one immediately following it, partly in costal cilia, rather
less oblique ; a small black apical spot ; cilia whitish round apex,
tips suffused with fuscous, sometimes with a faint perpendicular
streak above apical spot, hind-marginal cilia fuscous-grey. Hind-
wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

Eeadily distinguished from the preceding by the dark hind-
wings and usually perfect fascia. Apparently rather scarce ;
taken on fences in Sydney in October.

Atalopsycha, n. g.

Head smooth, with appressed scales ; no ocelli ; tongue very
short. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, filiform, with a small
eyecap. No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi short, drooping,
filiform. Fore- wings elongate, narrow, pointed. Hind- wings
narrowly lanceolate, less than ^ of fore-wings, cilia thrice as
broad. Abdomen moderate. Legs slender, posterior tibiae long-
haired. Neuxation (?).

The single species has an extraordinary superficial resemblance
to Bucculatrix, and might easily be confused with some of the
paler species, yet structurally it is very distinct, since the labial
palpi are plainly visible, and the head is not rough. Generally
it is more difficult to distinguished from Phyllocnistis, especially
as I have not been able to examine the venation, although it
certainly does not belong to the immediate neighbourhood of

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 177

that genus ; the best points to depend on seem to be the propor-
tionally broader hind-wings, the somewhat loose, not glossy,
scaling of the head, and the apex of fore-wings not produced.

Atal. atyphella, n. sp.

? . Sf". Head, palpi, and thorax white. Antennae fuscous
with whitish annulations, basal joint white. Abdomen greyish-
ochreous. Legs whitish-ochreous. Fore-wings white, with pale
ochreous markings irrorated with black scales ; a small ovate-
linear spot beneath costa slightly before middle ; a very oblique
streak from middle of costa, posteriorly suffused into an attenuated
cloud along costa nearly to apex ; a very oblique streak from
dorsal margin just beyond middle, almost interrupted on margin
itseK ; apex faintly suffused with ochreous, with indications of a
linear apical spot of black scales ; cilia very pale whitish-ochreous
with a row of black points round apex. Hind-wings pale grey,
cilia whitish-grey.

One specimen on a fence near Sydney in October.

Crobylophora, 71. g.

Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
very short. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, filiform, with
moderate eyecap. No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi short,
drooping, filiform. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, pointed, apex
hardly produced. Hind-wings very narrowly lanceolate, ^ of
fore-wings, cilia f oui- or five times as broad. Abdomen moderate.
Legs slender, posterior tibiae stiff -haired. Fore-wings with seven
veins ; cell closed, 1 simple, 5 and 6 to costa. Hind-wings with-
out cell ; median obsoletely two-branched.

This genus is intermediate between Stegommata and Biwculatrix,
resembling both in the roughly tufted head, and also having
considerable affinity with them in other respects ; it differs from
the former by the short antennae, and from the latter by the
presence of labial palpi. The species described are very elegant
w

178 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

Tvitli a peculiarly thickened metallic spot at the anal angle of the
fore-wings; they are slow in flight, and generally appear sluggish.

Crob. daricella, n. sj).

^ . 3^". Head, palpi, antennae, thorax, abdomen and legs
snow-white ; all tarsi with three blackish rings. Fore- wings
snow-white, with two slender short oblic[ue black costal streaks,
first in middle, second immediately beyond it, closely strewn about
which are a few irregular blackish and ochreous scales ; a rather
large circular thickened silvery metallic spot on anal angle,
partially black-edged ; cilia white, with a faint fuscous spot in
castal cilia, from which proceeds a clear black line round apex,
terminating abruptly just beyond it. Hind-wings and cilia white.

Differs from the following species by the larger size, and the
absence of the basal and dorsal streaks. Two specimens taken
in the thick subtropical scrubs at Eosewood, Queensland, in
September.

Crob. chrysidiella, w. sp.

(^ ^ . 2^"-2|-". Head, palpi, antennse, and legs snow-white.
Thorax snow-white, with a yellowish spot on shoulder. Abdomen
white, beneath with a yellowish band. Fore-wings white, with
a yellowish, longitudinal, central streak from base to beyond
middle, and with three oblique, yellowish, costal streaks and one
dorsal ; first costal streak long, very oblique, from ^ of costa to
apex of central streak, anteriorly margined with blackish scales ;
second rather beyond middle, third at f , shorter and less oblique,
posteriorly margined by slender blackish lines, which are some-
times alone distinct ; dorsal streak in middle, anteriorly margined
by a slender, blackish line, sometimes alone visible, meeting apex
of central streak ; a faint yellowish spot at anal angle, containing
a circular, thickened, silvery-golden metallic spot ; cilia white,
with a slender bent blackish line round apex terminating abruptly
just beyond it. Hind- wings and cilia white.

BY E. MEYRIOK, B.A. 179

Allied to the preceding, but with additional yellowish markings
from base, and on costa and hind-margin. Common at Sydney
and Newcastle from January to April, and in July and August,
in dry scrub amongst different species of Banksia fProteaceceJ, on
which the larva must feed. I have found rather commonly a
larva mining blotches in upper surface of leaves of Bmihsia serrata,
which I conjectured to belong to this species, but they proved
difficult to rear, all drying up.

BUCCULATRIX, Z.

Head roughly tufted on crown, face smooth ; no ocelli ; tongue
very short. Antennae shorter than fore- wings, filiform,, slender,
with rather small eyecap. No maxillary palpi. No labial palpi.
Fore-wings elongate, narrow, long-pointed, apex somewhat
produced. Hind-wings narrowly lanceolate, ^ to |- of fore-wings,
cilia 2^ to 4 times as broad. Legs slender, posterior tibise long-
haired. Fore-wings with from 8 to 10 veins ; 4 or 5 veins to costa,
cell closed, 1 simple. Hind- wings without cell ; median three-
branched.

Probably a genus of moderate extent, at present represented
by about forty rather closely allied species from Europe, and
North and South America. The Australian species are very
similar to the typical forms, and to one another. The genus may
be immediately separated from all others by the roughly tufted
head and the absence of palpi. The larvse are peculiar amongst
their allies ; sixteen-legged, rough-skinned, mining when very
young, but afterwards feeding externally and unprotected on the
under side of leaves. Pupa in a silken cocoon, generally charac.
teristically ribbed with raised longitudinal lines.

Bucc. eucalypti, n. sp.
$ . 2f". Head with dark fuscous hairs on crown, behind
whitish, face white. Antennae white with dark fuscous annulations
Thorax whitish-ochreons. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs whitish-

180 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTBALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

oclireous, tarsi Tvith. black rings at base of joints. Fore- wings
brownisb-ocbreous mixed witb paler, witb suffused darker ocbreous
brown markings ; an obsolete cloudy spot on costa beyond middle ;
a ratber larger cloudy spot, suffused witb blackisb scales, on
middle of inner-margin ; apical spot minute, linear, black ; cilia
brownisb-ocbreous round apex, witb scattered blackisb points,
wbitisb-grey on bind-margin. Hind-wine^s fuscous-grey, cilia
pale grey.

Smaller tban tbe two following species, and distinguisbed
generally by tbe obsoleteness and suffusion of tbe markings on
tbe brownisb-ocbreous fore-wings. One specimen bred in Marcb
from a single larva found at Sydney in February.

Larva of tbe typical form, pale dull green, bead pale brownisb ;
feeds on tbe under side of tbe leaves of Eucalyptus sp., (probably
tereticornisj, fMyrtacemJ, gnawing tbe surface of tbe leaf. Pupa
in a firm, wbite, longitudinally five-ribbed cocoon.

Bucc. lassella, n. sp.

^ ? . 3^". Head brownisb-ocbreous, witb a pale stripe on
eacb side of crown, and mixed witb fuscous bairs ; face wbitisb-
ocbreous. Antennae wbitisb, witb strong black annulations.
Tborax brownisb-ocbreous irrorated witb paler. Abdomen and
legs pale brownisb-ocbreous, tarsi witb distinct black rings at
base of joints. Fore- wings wbitisb-ocbreous, finely irrorated
witb dark fuscous scales, and witb brownisb-ocbreous ill-defined
markings ; a central streak from base nearly to middle ; two sbort
broad oblique streaks from costa, first in middle, second at f,
produced to apical spot ; a fuscous oblique spot on inner-margin
beyond middle, and extreme edge of inner-margin more or less
distinctly brownisb-ocbreous ; apical spot irregular, black ; cilia
ockreous-wbitisb round apex, witb irregular^rows of black points,
pale grey on bind-margin. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia ratber
paler.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 181

Differs from the preceding by the duller colouring, and the
much more distinct and more numerous markings. Four specimens
taken on fences near Sydney, in December and January.

Bucc. asphyctella, n. s}).
? . Sf". Head white, centre of crown with a few fuscous hairs.
Antennae white at base, elsewhere suffused with dark fuscous.
Thorax ochreous-whitish, with pale ochreous shoulder-spot.
Abdomen ochreous-fuscous, sprinkled with white scales. Legs
pale ochreous, tarsi with broad, cloudy, blackish rings at base of
joints. Fore-wings dull whitish, with greyish-ochreous markings
irrorated with dark fuscous scales ; a central streak from base to
middle ; two oblique costal streaks, first in middle, produced along
costa towards base as a very slender streak, second at f, ending
in apical spot ; a narrow irregular streak along inner-margin
from base to apex ; an oblique streak from inner margin beyond
middle, its apex nearly confluent with second costal streak ; an
irregular elongated black apical spot ; cilia whitish with scattered
black points, on hind-margin whitish-grey. Hind-wings grey,
cilia whitish-grey.

Much paler and more distinctly marked than lassella, and
distinguished besides by the absence of the black and white
annulations of the antennae. One specimen in dry scrub near
Parramatta in October.

The above descriptions include all the species of these families
with which I am acquainted as occurring in this region, by
whomsoever described. Walker has indeed described three
species of Micros under Gracilaria as from Australia; one of
these I have identified /^ <y. termmella, Brit. Mus. Oat,, p. 855),
and it is not a Gracilaria at all, but one of the ElaclmtidcE, refer-
able to a genus of which I have several other Australian species ;
it is highly improbable that the other two are correctly referred,
but I cannot recognise them. He has also two species under
Gracilaria from New Zealand ; I have identified one (G. an

182 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 857), and it is a Batrachedra fMacJdstidcdJ.
Walker's references of the smaller Micros are entirely hapliazard
and consequently not in reality worth, even a passing notice.

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Note on a Block of Shale from the Hawkesbury Sandstone, by
W. J. Stephens, M. A. — I desire to bring before the notice of our
geological members, a specimen of shale from a boulder embedded
in the Hawkesbury Sandstone at Broughton's Pass, where the
tunnel between the Cataract and Nepean Eivers, in connection
with the Sydney water supply, is now in progress. The point to
which I wish to draw attention at present is that the block has
before its deposition among the sands, which have ultimately
hardened into rock, been subjected to severe strain and pressure
in various directions, producing within its structure those smooth
striated surfaces, which are known to miners as '' Slickensides."
The unconformity of these slides shows that they were not
produced by any uniform or contemporaneous pressures or move-
ments, and appear to me to corroborate in a very unexpected way
the conclusions at which Mr. Wilkinson has arrived as to the
existence of a glacial period during the formation of the Hawkes-
bury Eocks, i. e., posterior to the formation of our upper coal, and
probably equivalent to the Permian formations of better surveyed
countries. Por the irregular and sudden strains which are
produced by massive Ice, when drifted by wind or current, forced
along the land by pressure, or when slipping and tumbling in huge
blocks in consequence of the alteration of their centres of gravity
during the process of melting, are precisely such forces as must
have produced the phenomena under our notice. Some confirmation
may also be found in the absence from the shale thus aifected of
any of those fossil ferns which appear so abundantly in similar
portions of the formation ; and in the occurrence of thin laminae
of fine clay, sometimes with a smooth, mammillated surface,

NOTES Am) EXHIBITS. 183

suggesting the collection of films of mud upon thawing ice, wKich
are dispersed through, the Sandstone at all angles of inclination,
and quite uninjured by attrition, as though they had been gently
deposited in the sand as the ice which supported them melted
away. The bed of stone in which these phenomena occur contains
less iron than usual, and while free from the false bedding so
common in the series, has the aspect of an artificially stirred up
or mixed mass of stuff. There are many other circumstances in
the immediate neighbourhood which argue strongly in favour of
the hypothesis, and I hope at no distant date to lay these before
the Society. It would however, be unreasonable to do this at
present, without the specimens to which reference must be made.
But, in the interim, we must remind ourselves that the formation
is, so far as we know, not at all marine, but entirely from fresh
water. If glaciers existed, they must have debouched on rivers
or lakes, and not on the sea. But without assuming the existence
of actual glaciers, we may suppose that there may have been heavy
ice on these rivers and lakes, packing at times, and perhaps
occasionally forming dams, whose disruption may have led to the
sudden floods of which we have many indications in our Hawkes-
bury Eocks, which are so very difficult, problematical and obscure
to the observer.

Note on a Japanese Drawing of an Octopus, by W. J. Stephens
M.A. — I have brought for the inspection of members a Japanese
work, consisting of a series of illustrations printed in colours,
and representing various forms of Japanese industry. Fishing,
hunting, weaving, bronze-working, mining, tea gathering, the
management of horses and cattle, and many other rural operations
are depicted with considerable spirit and apparent accuracy. It
is quite evident that the pictures are intended to be realistic, and
in no degree imaginary. One cannot, therefore, but feel an
unusual interest in the eighth figure, in which we observe an
enormous Octopus, with eyes not less than two feet in diameter,
a body not less than twelve in length, and arms which may fairly

184 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

be estimated at about thirty feet long. This monster lias one of
these arms extended over a fishing boat, one of the occupants of
■wbicli is drawn as in the act of striking with a large knife at this ,
huge tentacle, as thick as a man's body, where it crosses the
gunwale. For my own part, I am inclined to suppose that the
picture is by no means an exaggeration, but that it is drawn from
actual fact. This Odoims is not longer than other specimens,
portions of which have recently been obtained and subjected to
scientific observation on the coast of the North-west Atlantic. It
will be seen that he is moving in the normal manner of his tribe,
backwards. The break of the sea around his body and arms is
plainly intended to indicate this. The colour of both body and
arms is a monotonous brownish-drab, very different from the
varied and beautiful tints of the smaller octoj^ods. As in these
latter their chameleon faculty of changing the colour of their
external surface is related to, or (as I should say) designed for, the
protection of the weaker individuals, one can readily understand
why in such Hydras as this under our eyes all shyness and
shrinking from public observation may reasonably have been
surrendered. I have entered into these details only because
they seem to corroborate the truthfulness of the general represen-
tation.

Mr. Stephens exhibited the Block of Shale and the Japanese
Pictures referred to above.

Mr. Q-. Masters. — a very large Fish-hook formed of wood, with
sinker of basaltic rock and line of coir fibre, used by the natives
of Fiji in catching the large rock fish.

The President — a nimiber of shells from Western Australia,
and a Cams Achatina from Bass' Straits, previously known only
from Port Jackson.

185

WEDNESDAY, APEIL 28th, 1880.

The President, tlie Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.Gf-.S., F.L.S.,
&c., in tlie Chair.

Visitors present: — H. Selkirk, Esq., and the Very Eev. Dean
Lynch.

Gl. S. Bray, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.

DONATIONS.

From Harvard College. — Annual Eeport of Curator of Museum
of Comparative Zoology, 1878-79. Index to Vol. V. of Bulletin.
Bulletin, Vol. V., No. 16.

From Baron F. von Mueller, K.O.M.Q-., etc.. Index perfectus
ad Caroli Linnaei, species plantarum.

From Nurlandaise Soc. des Sciences Exactes et Nat. Haarlem,
Vol. 14, pars 3 and 5, of their Proceedings.

From Eoyal Microscopical Soc, London. — Vol. II., parts 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, and 7a.

PAPEKS READ.

On a New Species of Nepenthes.
By F. M. Bailey, Esq., F.L.S., Corr. Mem. Linn. Soc.
The order of NepenthacecB which belongs to Lindley's euporbial
alliance of diclinous exogens, is limited to the single genus
Nepenthes. It is spread over Southern Asia and the islands of the
Indian and South Pacific Oceans, but most abundant according
to Bentham in the Indian Archipelago. The species are natives
of swampy ground, with no known properties, they are only
cultivated because of the curious leafy sack or pitcher as it is
called, which is formed at the extremity of the leaves. This has

X

186 ON A NEW SPECIES OF NEPENTHES,

obtained for them the name of '^ Pitcher plants." The organ
itself has given rise to some controversy among botanists as to
which part of the plant was the leaf and which the petiole or
footstalk. The recent investigations of Hooker have shown that
the pitcher is a modification of a gland at the termination of the
midrib. About twenty species are known, some of which have
the pitchers of large size, and some have pitchers of two kinds.
The only Australian species hitherto known is iV. Kennedyi,
described by Baron v. Mueller in the fifth volume of the ^Fragmenta
Phytographicd,^ and he says it is distinguished from all the other
species known to him by the peculiar venation which give the
leaves a tesselated character. This peculiarity is shared by the
sjDecies I now describe. Mr. Bentham is doubtful as to whether
N. Kennedyi is more than a variety of the widely-spread N.
phyllampliora, from which it differs in the much more slender
peristome of the pitcher. It is found in the extreme north of the
Cape York peninsula, whence specimens have been brought
down, and are now growing luxuriantly in the gardens of the
Queensland Acclimatization Society, Bowen Park, Brisbane.
My attention was drawn a few days ago by Mr. Bernays, the
President of the Society, to some luxuriant specimens which he
thought differed from the ordinary species N. Kennedyi. On
examining these plants I found them to consist of two evidently
distinct species, one of which appears to me to be new. I have
therefore distinguished it with the specific name of Bernaysii on
account of the great interest taken by that gentleman in every-
thing relating to the botany of Queensland. I forward herewith
a leaf bearing ascidium or pitcher that the members may have
an opportunity of comparing the two species. The flowers and
fruits of both are unknown as yet, but from the appearance of
the Bowen Park plants we may hope before very long to see
them fruiting side by side. The following is the diagnosis.

Stems procumlent, clothed ivith the clasping lases of the petioles.
Leaves alternate, almost crowded, linear-lanceolate, with the short

BY F. M. BAILEY, F.L.S., ETC. 187

winged petioles, one foot to thirteen inches long and about two
inches broad, with five faint longitudinal veins on each side of
the midrib, sprinkled with black dots and close adpressed hairs
of white color. Midrib produced six or seven inches beyond the
lamina, not curled but shortly recurved and bearing* an ascidium
three to four inches long, inflated at the base, the two anterior
rihs ivingecl with wings 1^ to 2 lines broad, colored and prominently
ciliate towards the truncate top, posterior wing somewhat faint,
ending in a hooked spur. Operculum ovate, with numerous small
reddish glands on the inner side. Peristome narrow and slender,
marked with close, transverse lines.

Habitat, Cape York, whence it was sent by a corresi)ondent
some few years ago to the Queensland Acclimatization Society.

On a Fossilifekotjs Bed at the Mouth of the Endeavour

BlVER.

By the Eey. J. E. Tenison- Woods, F.Gt.S., F.L.S., President

OF THE LiNNEAN SoCIETY, N.S.AV.

The mouth of the Endeavour Eiver is a wide estuary forming
a bay which is entered by crossing a sandy bar. The north side
of the entrance is a flat sandy beach. The south side is a granite
hill about 900 feet high. On the land side this granite hill is
broken through by a volcanic dyke, very like some of the older
tertiorry dolerites of Victoria and New South AVales. The granite
hill is called Grassy Hill, and it was upon this which Captain
Cook encamped while repairing the "Endeavour," more than
a hundred years ago. It is very steep on the side facing the sea,
but in front of it inside the bar there is a mass of large boulders
derived from the volcanic dyke. These are covered with the
usual littoral shell-fish of these latitudes, namely Planaxis sulcata,
Nerita polita, JSferita alhicella, Acmcsa niarmorata, &c. The shingle
round these boulders is much mingled with sand and tropical

188 ox A FOSSILIFEEOIJS BED, EXDEAYOUR EIYEE,

shells, and occasional fragments of coral. The latter is mucli worn
and broken, and is evidently derived from some of the reefs, the
nearest of which is about eight miles away. Tlie township of
Cooktown is built on the slopes of Grassy Hill at less than a mile
inside the bar, where the volcanic dyke ceases and where the hill
is less steep. Some short time since the corporation had occasion
to make some excavations at the foot of the hill and not very far
from the volcanic dj^ke. At a depth of ten feet a deposit of coral
debris was reached, consisting of broken fragments such as we
only meet now very close to a coral reef or at its surface. It
was of entirely a different nature from the shingle now being
deposited around the trap boulders.

I examined the debris carefully, and found it consisted of
existing species of Madrepora, Fungia, Tiirhinaria, Favonia,
Seriato2)ora, Favia, Focillopora, Solenastrcea, Galaxea, Mussa, &c.
I could not trace any difference either in the size or character of
the fossils, but some of the species are more common than those
of the neighbouring reefs. The fragments were not much rolled
as coral usually is when it forms shingle beds. It was stained a
reddish colour, no doubt derived from the alluvium above it,
which was derived from the decomposed trap. The level of the
deposit was about three or four feet above the present water level
and about a dozen j^ards from where the waters now reach. There
is no living coral growing anywhere near these beds, the nearest
reef from which the formation has been derived must have been
near, and all traces of it have now disappeared. There must
have been also some alteration in the levels, j)robably upheaval,
though it is but slight. We cannot easily suppose that the bed
of the estuary has shifted. The fresh-water stream connected
with it, that is to say the Endeavour River and its tributaries is
too insignificant to effect the formation of the estuary. At present
I do not see any way of accounting for the deposit, except by
upheaval and the consequent destruction of the coral. The fact
is of great importance, because if established it is the only instance

BY THEEEV. J. E. TENISOX-'WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 189

of a raised beach, wliich has hitherto been recorded on the whole
of the north-east coast of Australia. I cannot give any idea of
the extent of the beds. They had been partly covered over at
the time of my visit. The coral had been found so useful as road
metal and for lime-burning purposes, that the material was
removed in large quantities, This was causing considerable
injury to the roads and wharves, so the government ordered the
quarries to be filled in. The beds are of course recent, but from
the thickness of the aUuvium which covered them they must be
of considerable antiquity. We have reasonable ground for
supposing that some changes have taken place even since Captain
Cook's time. He relates having found an abundance of turtle on
an island reef which is known now as the turtle reef. A portion
of it used to be always uncovered, but now it is only at low water
springs that any of the reef is laid bare, and it is consequently
quite abandoned by turtles. They only frequented the locality
for the purpose of laying their eggs, for which they choose dry
sandy places.

Another circumstance worthy of mention is that immense
patches of floating pumice, are met with at times inside the Barrier
Eeef . They are with marine animals and exuviae of aU kinds,
but especially the internal skeleton of a species of Sejna. This
pumice from its appearance must have been a long time in the
water. It need hardly be added that it could not have come
from any part of Australia. It may be connected with some of
more recent volcanic outbreaks of the Pacific Islands. Fragments
of the same stone are frequently found in the shingle and sands
on the beaches of the whole of north-east Australia. I looked
very carefully among the coral debris of the formation here
described, but could not find any traces of pumice or volcanic
stone.

190 NOTES ON A NEW VARIETY OE BTJLIMUS CALEDONICrS,

Notes on a new variety of Bulimus Caledonicus.
By J. Brazier, C.M.Z.S., 0. M.E.S., Tas., M.C.S., G.B. and I.,

ETC., ETC.

Placostylus Caledonicus.

1845. Bulimus Caledonicus, Petit. Eevue. ZooL, j)« 53.
1848. „ „ Pfr. Mon. Helic. Yiv. Vol. II., p. 140.

1853. „ „ Pfr. Mon. Helic. Yiv. Vol. III., p. 378.

1855. PlacostijUs „ A.d. Gren., Vol. II., p. 153.

1859. Bulimus ,, Pfr. Mon. Helic. Viv. Vol. IV., p. 447.

1860. Placostylus ,, Albers, Die. Heliceen, I., p. 185.

1863. Bulimus ,, Gassies, Faune Conch. Nouv, Caled.,

I., p. 44.

1864. ,, ,, Crosse, Journ. de Concli., Vol. XIL,

p. 121.

1868. „ „ Pfr. Mon. HeHc. Viv., Vol. VI., p. 83.

1870. ,, ,, Marie, Journ. de Conch., Vol. XVIII.,

p. 382.

1871. ,, ,, Gassies, Faune Conch., Nouv. Caled.

II., p. 77.
1874. Placostylus ,, Tappar-Canefri, Malac. Viaggio,

Magenta, p. 85.
1877. Bulimus „ Pfr. Mon. HeHc. Viv. Vol. VTH., p. 119.

Var. B. edentula, wanting the prominent characteristic callus
tubercle on the upper jjart of the columella that is so common
in the typical form ; longitudinally, finely striated, nearly smooth
covered with a thin shining periostraca ; peristome much thicker
and slightly reflected, broad sinus above, contracted in the centre ;
columella, lip and interior of aperture bright dark red. Long.
34; breadth, 17; height, 15; aperture, 15 lines long.

Hah. Coumac or Kumac, "West Coast of the Island of New
Caledonia.

This veryinteresting variety of j52^//»ms Caledonicus was obtained
in the ranges of Tiebagi, a series of mountain ranges near the

BY J. BEAZIEE, C.M.Z.S., C.M.R.S., ETC. 191

north end of the island by my kinsman Mr. Greorge Eossiter, in
the year 1878; the five specimens that I have received do not
show any signs of any tubercle on the upper part of the
columella. I believe a specimen was sent to Mr. Gr. B. Gassies,
of Bordeaux, some time back, and I am informed by Mr. R. 0.
Eossiter of Noumea, that it was pronounced by him to be a
variety of Bulimus Caledonicus. I distinguish the variety in future
as edentula, the typical form has been found at Congouma by
Monsieur E. Marie, Jouebo, (E. P. Lambert).

NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

Note on Malurus leuconotus, Gould, by E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S.,
&c. — As the habitat of this rare species is not generally known I
have the pleasure of recording the fact of Mr. James Eamsay of
Tjrridarie, having obtained specimens in the Burke district, along
with Malurus leucopterus, 31. calainus, M. Lamlerti, and Jf. melanotus
A^mjtis striatiis has also been obtained by the same gentleman
along with Sphejiostoma cristata. The Australian Museum has
received a skin of the white-backed Malunis from Mosgiel, so that
the true habitat of this bird fM, leuconotusj may be said to be the
central and western portion of New South Wales, and probably
the northern boundary of South Austraha.

Note on the q^^ of Edectus polychlyrus, by E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S.
— I have also the pleasure of exhibiting the eggs of Eclectus
polycTilorus, recently presented to the Museum by Mr. Andrew
Goldie. Its total length is 1-58 in., breadth 1-2, color of a glossj-
white, oblong, and rather pointed, under the lens the shell is
pitted and minutely granular at the larger end ; five eggs are laid
for a sitting in the hollow limb of a tree, the young nestlings
are of the same red and green plumage of their parents ; the $
red, the $ green.

192 NOTES AND EXHIBITS.

The President exMbited specimens of Nepenthes Kennedyi, and
N. Bernaysiiy and photographs of a new Lycopocl from the Tiooli
Mines, Queensland.

Mr. T. A. Tenison-Woods — a SydropMs fsp.J from Java.

Mr. G. Masters — an Antechinus fuUginosus, with five young in
its pouch.

Dr. Cox — a portion of the nest of White Ants in which is
imbedded two eggs of a large species of iguana or Hyclrosaurus.
Also a small Australian Truffle fMelita AustralisJ, a fungus used
as food by the Blacks.

Mr. Palmer — a collection of Fungi collected at Burwood.

Mr. Brazier — the Bulimus Caledonicus and edentida referred to
in his paper. Also Tryon's Manual of Conchology, Vol. I., on
Cephalopora, and Parts 1 and 2 on the genus Murex.

WEDNESDAY, IVIAY 26th, 1880.

The Yice-President, W. J. Stephens, Esq., M.A., in the Chair.

MEMBERS ELECTED.

H. Selkirk, Esq., Petersham.
P. G. King, Esq., Sydney.
P. McMahon, Esq., Sydney.
Pev. Dr. Woolls, Eichmond.

Augustus Simson, Esq.,

Tasmania.
Yery Eev. J. J. Lynch,

Campbelltown.

Dr. Gilhooley, Oxford Street.

DOXATIONS.

Erom H. C. Eussell, Esq., B.A., " Climate of New South
Wales, 1877," ''Eain Observations, 1878." '' Eain and Eiver
Observations, 1879."

From Dr. Woolls, ' ' Plants indigenous to the Neighbourhood
of Sydney.

193

From Harvard College, ''Bulletin of Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Vol. yi., No. 3.

PAPERS READ.

0^ THE Habits of some AttstraIiIAn Echini.

By THE Eey, J. E. Tenisox- Woods, F.Gr.S., F.L.S., President
OF the Linz^ean Society, N.S.W.

In 1877 I published in the Proceedings of this Society a list of
the Australian Echini known to me. I was not able at that time
to add very much about their habits, a defect which in the present
paper I propose to remedy to some extent. It may be remarked
that not much is known about the habits of most of the species.
In the elaborate work of Agassiz on the Echini there is a chapter
on their habits, but it is very short. What it says may be
summarized in a few words. It states that they are gregarious,
that some live on the sand, that others bury themselves in cavities
of the rocks which the}^ scoop out for themselves, and that a few
adhere to the rocks by their powerful suckers. Very little more
is added, but probably because facts of a more detailed kind did
not come within the scope of the work. I find also on looking
through the works of the greatest modern writers onEchi7ii, such
as Loven, Yerril, Desor, Dujardin, and Hupe, that little is
said about the habits of the living species. I regret that I am
not able to add very much myself, and my facts will only have
reference to the most of our own species, but still I am in hopes
that before long I shall be able to add much more. The dredge
has been so little used on the Australian coast that a great many
of the species whose habitat is far from the land are only known
from specimens which have been cast up upon the sea-beach.
This is especially the case with Phyllacanthus annidifera. P. dnhia,
lives on a sandy bottom at a depth of from six to ten fathoms.
Its food or its mode of life are unknown. As far as I know, it
prefers tranquil sandy bays and partially enclosed waters. It
seems to be very common all round the Australian coast. In Port
y

194 HABITS OF SOME AUSTEALIAK ECHIXI,

Jackson it is veiy common ; Mr. Eamsay dredged up specimens
01 all ages and sizes from off the sandy bottom. It is equally
common in Moreton Bay, and a good number of specimens have
been brought down from Port Darwin in Nortli Australia. I
cannot notice any difference between the specimens brought from
these widely separated localities. Like all the species of Echini
it is gregarious, and the ''flocks" are confined to localities which
are often far apart. In a former paper I have given the reasons
which induce me to separate P. duhia from P. ^arvkj^ina nobis, a
species distinguished especially by its more numerous and
comparatively smaller spines.

Goniocidaris is a form which has two representatives in Australia
Yet very little of its habits is known. The common species is
G. tubaria, Lamarck. It is occasionally washed up on the beach
after storms, and is often covered with ^r?/020«. It would appear
as if it loved sandy situations, and from the fact the specimens
come ashore singly we may suppose that it is not gregarious.

Biadema setosum, Gray, is a species that has a very wide range.
It is very common on many of the Pacific Islands and in the
Indian Archipelago. I have seen specimens from Java. It is
common all along the Barrier Eeef and on the islands within it.
I have always found it in rocky pools at the side of the pillars of
dead coral which go by the name of '' Nigger Heads." Its
delicate spines are so long, slender, and brittle, that I should
imagine it must always keep on soft sandy places. But it may
be found sometimes adhering by its suckers to the rock under a
ledo-e where there is a wide sweep for its beautiful spines. When
in this position it is nearly impossible to obtain the specimen
uninjured. The spines break at the least touch, and if the hand
is brought incautiously near they penetrate it in aU directions,
breaking and leaving the fragments in the flesh. Fortunately
the serrated edges are turned towards the point of the spine, so
that the splinters work themselves out of the skin quite easily.
In this genus the anal system is closed by a thin naked membrane

BY THEKEV. J. E. TEXISOX-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 195

and the anal orifice is prolonged into a flesb.j tube -which, extends
like a proboscis bej^ond the central plates. In the living
specimens this tube is swollen out like a large eye, a resemblance
which a rim of colour round the centre makes still more striking.
It is very difficult to pursuade the fisherman that this is not an
eye, and it makes the beauty and singular appearance of the
animal much more conspicuous. Small examples of an urchin
which looked very much like this species have been found in
Port Jackson, and I was disposed to regard them as the young
of Biadema setosum. But as the species is not found elsewhere in
the tropics the Port Jackson urchins may be the young of
Centrostephanus Roclgersii, which abounds in the harbour. The
spines were more slender than in the adult state of Centrostephanus
but the color and markings of both genera are the same. It is a
matter that will require further examination.

Ecliinotlirix calamaris, A. Agassiz, is rarely found on the
Australian coast and only so far as is known on the north-east
within the tropics. The specimens found by me were obtained
in turning over dead blocks of coral on the inner edge of the
Barrier Eeef, and on the coral islands. I never saw it adhering
by its suckers to anything. When exposed by turning over
the stone which sheltered it, the spines were spread equally
in all directions around it and moved slowly away. The spines
are of two kinds. Those attached to the primary tubercles are
rather stout and long with blunt points. They are of pale sea
green colour with bands of purple-brown. The other spines are
of various lengths, some equalKng the primaries and as fine as
hair, of a golden lustre with bands of darker colour. These are
terrible as weapons of defence. Fine as they are they penetrate
the flesh at the least touch. The first JEchinothrix I ever handled
sent its hair spines right through some of my fingers. I cannot
help thinking that it has some way of striking with the spines,
as I thought I approached the animal quite gently, and had
scarcely more than touched it when my hands were wounded.

196 HABITS OF SOME ATJSTRALIAl^ ECHINI,

None of the wounds bled as tlie puncture is so very fine. It is
useless to try to extract tlie fragments as they break into pieces
as soon as they enter the flesh. I suffered no inconvenience from
them after a day or so, and don't know what became of them.

Centrostephanm Rodgersii, A. Agassiz, is one of the few species
which appears to have a very restricted habitat. It is common
at Port Jackson and Botany Heads, and on the coast between,
but I do not know of any other place where it is found on the
east coast. Doubtless this is only because we know so very little
of the coast fauna. When a closer examination is made other
habitats will surely be found. It is a very handsome urchin of
the deepest purple, or almost black colour. The spines seem all
of one kind, and being rather stout are closely packed, besides
being long and gracefully tapering. They are grooved with
transverse rings or serrations, hollow and so thin that a very
slight touch breaks them. The test also is very thin and easily
destroyed. The animal generally lives in rocky crevices or over-
hanging ledges. It clings to the rock with its powerful suckers
with the surface free. It is very careful to select as a place of
repose a very narrow cell with just room enough for its body.
The projecting spines can be seen, but it is only on the rarest
occasions that it can be drawn from its recess uninjured. It
adheres with great tenacity, and any attempt to detach it crushes
the spines and the test. It emerges from these fastnesses to feed
on the sandy bottom when the tide is in. It can then be easily
captured and is often overtaken by storms and thrown up on the
beach in a nearly perfect condition.

Astrojyyga radiata, Leske, has a very soft- thin test and a few
short thin spines. It seems to feed on the mud, but I know
nothing more of its habits. Its only Australian habitat is in
Torres Straits, and then few specimens were found together.

Jleterocentrotus mammillatiis, Klein., does not seem to be rare on
the Australian coast wherever coral reefs are found. Its habits
are much the same as Echinothrix calamaris. It lives among the

I

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, E.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 197

blocks of dead coral or at least searches for its food amongst
them. Though the spines are stout and the test is uncommonly
strong, it is very difficult to detach it from the crevice in which
it wedges itself. The only specimen seen by me in this way was
in a narrow groove or furrow on the side of a Solenastrcea. Its
beautiful brown spines with their bands of white and orange
made it a conspicuous object, the water was too dee^) for anything
but a long boat-hook, and then with every effort I could not
detachit. The species has avery wide range throughoutthe Pacific.

Echinometra lucimtur, Leske. This is certainly the most common
urchin throughout the tropics, and I believe it is as common in
the Pacific as it is in Australia. I always found it under stones
or blocks of dead coral upon the reefs. I never saw it attach
itself to any object, but it moves rather quickly for an urchin
when its hiding place is discovered. Hundreds can be gathered
at every low tide upon the reefs. Sometimes as many as half a
dozen will be found imder a single block of stone. The colour
is very variable, and guite different from the appearance presented
by dried specimens in cabinets. The younger individuals are a
delicate fawn colour, and then there is every variation from pale
grey to black, or black and white. It is seldom that in a group
two urchins are of the same colour. I don't know of any species
which offers greater facilities for the stud}^ of the habits of sea
urchins. Its abundance on places where it can be easily observed
and its habits all favour remarks on its life history. In this and
the preceding species, it does not seem to me, that there are any
suckers around the actinosome, or at least that they do not attach
themselves to any object by means of them. In all those urchins
which attach themseles I notice a great flatness about the
actinosome and the ambulacral j)ores are spread out over a much
wider surface, I presimie it is by means of the tubes of these areas,
that the animal fixed itself firmly to the surfaces of the rock. In
Seterocentrohis mammiUatus and Ecliinometra lucunter, the region
round the actinosome is rounded.

198 HABITS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN ECHINI,

Stomopneustes atropurpurea, nobis. This species is very like S.
variolaris, Lamarck, found both in the Indian Ocean and in the
Pacific. "When I made my first list of the Australian Echini the
only Australian species known to me was in the Australian
Museum and there was no record as to its habitat. Since then I
have found a large number of specimens at Port Douglas, Trinity
Bay, in about Lat. 16° N. All that were obtained by me lived
on one small patch of rocky shore fronting a peninsula called
Island Point, which is not more than a mile in extent. Had I
not found a fragment of a broken test upon the beach I should
never have known that it could be found in that locality. I don't
know of any urchin which hides itself more skilfully. It chooses
a large immoveable boulder for its shelter, and buries itself in
the deei^est recess it can find underneath, and only those recesses
which are almost closed in on every side. It was only after a
lengthened search made by stooping low down and peering under
every boulder that at last I was rewarded by seeing a few dark
sjpines projecting out of a dark crevice. It was far out of reach
of my hands so I had to content myself then with knowing that
I had found the sort of hiding place I had to look for. I then
procui-ed a stout h-on pot-hook which I fastened to the end of a
bamboo. With this I imagined I could easily get them out of
the crevices. But I was entirely mistaken. Some of them would
not yield to all the force I could employ, and some after a
prolonged effort were got out and entirely destroyed. There was
no scarcity of specimens. Once I knew where to look for them I
discovered them on every side, but only to renew my disappoint-
ment in trying to dislodge them. In four or five instance I was
able to move the stones on which they were, and I found that they
were so firmly attached by their snckers as not to be pulled away
by the hand. Any attempt in this way only broke the spines.
But by passing a knife underneath they were easily lifted up,
and then they would commence to move off slowly on the tips of
their spines, which throughout the whole order serve the purpose

BY THEEEV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 199

of locomotion. In all I was able to get about two dozen specimens,
but a good many of tbem more or less damaged. Altogether it
is a most disagreeable kind of fishing. The rocks are covered
with oysters and balani, and one requires strong leather gloves
to avoid being seriously cut by the thin edges of the shells which
project from the surface. In my first attempt to capture a
8tomo2meusfes my hands were covered with blood in a few minutes.

I believe the same species occur in Port Denison, and I dare
say in many other places along the coast, because it may be so
easily overlooked in its hiding place, and so much of the coast
has been so slightly examined, that I should not be surprised to
find that it is very abundant. It is I think nearly certain that the
species we have in Australia is not the same as that described as
S. variolaris, by Lamarck, and figured by Agassiz in his '^ Revision
of the Echini " In the first place our Australian specimens are
much larger, sometimes twice the size of any figured or described.
Then the colour is entirely different. The spines and test except
the tubercles are of a very deep purple-black colour, while in the
Mauritius and Indian specimens they are green and pur^ole. The
peculiar groove at the vertical suture which belongs to the genus
is much less waved. The arrangement of the tubercles is slightly
different, and the shape of the madreporiform body which is
moreover studded with small glossy milliary tubercles. Yet with
all these differences the points of resemblance with >S^. variolaris^
are many. In this species, and in fact with nearly every urchin
known to me, when plunged into fresh cold water a purplish
fluid is seen to exude abundantly from the test, and I have some-
times thought that these animals might have a colour bag such
as Dolahella Rum])hii, Scalaria australis, and many species of Sepia.

Strongylocentrotus eunjthrogrammus, Valenciennes. Though we
are said to have three species of this genus in Australia, yet this
appears to me to be the only one usually met with. It has a very
wide range, and like Ecliinometra lucunter varies a good deal in
the colour of the spines. Its habitat is in the clefts and crevices

200 HABITS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN ECHINI,

of rocks to whicli it adheres by its suckers. It is very common
on tlie rocks near Boncli, outside the Heads, but difficult to
obtain from tlie way in which, it wedges itself into crevices. All
the specimens are of a light chocolate-brown. The spines are
long and sharp and require to be very carefully handled.

Sph(erechinus australicB, A. Agassiz. This is one of the most
beautiful sea urchins, from the brilliancy of the colouring of the
spines. I believe it has been found near Port Jackson, but as I
have only seen a very few species and never obtained one alive ^
I know nothing of its habits.

Temnopleurus toruematiciis, Klein. This is not only one of the
oldest known urohins, but it is one of the most widely diffused.
It is very common on all sandy beaches in the tropics, but probably
extends all round Australia. Professor Tate of Adelaide sent me
a specimen which came from South Australian waters. On the
north bank of the Endeavour Eiver there is a long sandy beach
outside the bar, on which a surf is always beating. This I found
strewn for miles with the same species in September 1879, and I
think there was seldom any beach I visited within the tropics
where I did not obtain specimens. At Townsville I used to get
a good many living individuals, washed up by the surf. It
evidently lives on sandy ground and will bear a considerable
amount of tossing by the waves without injury. In the fuU
grown urchins the test is of a dull yellow colour, and the sj^ines
of a dark green intermingled with colorless ones. They are very
sparingly scattered over the test. From the fact of finding so
many in one place I should think it went about on the sea
bottom in herds. I never saw any on the coral reefs nor near a
rocky coast.

Salmacis. I am of opinion that all our Australian sjDecies of
Salmacis will need a thorough revision. The one I considered as
8. hicoloVy Agassiz, varies very niQch from the diagnosis and
figures in the '' Eevision," I think we may certainly say that we
have another species besides those enumerated by Mr. Agassiz,

BY THE REV. J. E. TENISOX- WOODS, F.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 201

and there may be more. With, regard to S. rarispina, Agas.,
there is little to add to its known habits. It is rather common
and always found upon a sandy bottom. I obtained it recently
from Port Denison, and in many places as far south as Moreton
Bay.

Mesinlia glohihis, Agass. In my list given last year in the
Proceedings of this Society, I expressed a doubt as to the
genuineness of the Australian habitat for this species. I have
now no doubt on the matter as I have found a specimen on a
sandy beach in Trinity Bay.

Amllypneustes ovum, Lamarck. This is the most common of all
the Australian urchins on the southern coasts, but I do not know if
it extends either to the west or north side of the continent.
Some stress has been laid on the shape of the test for specific
distinction. Nothing of this kind can be relied upon. In some
specimens of A. ovum you have a marked pentagonal outline and
every gradation from depressed orbicular, to perfectly oval and
egg-shaped. The pentagonal form is very common in young
individuals. Among about 200 specimens picked up after a gale
of wind on the beach at Wollongong, I was able to arrange a
perfect series of shape and colour, the tints in extreme cases
giving bright blue, red and yellow shades. It is a gregarious
species and is found only upon sandy coasts. At Guichen Bay
in South Australia, and Lacepede Bay, which is the next bay to
the north, I have seen the beach strewn for miles with the tests of
this urchin, of aU sizes up to nearly three inches in length. It
has a very thin shell and is easily broken. It is common on all
the South Australian coast as far as Spencer's Gulf, and is often
strung like beads for ornamental purposes. The color of the test
varies exceedingly, almost every shade may be met with, but
grey-green is the prevailing tint. I cannot help thinking that
A. griseus and A. paUidus may only be varieties of this species.

With regard to aU the species of Holopneustes, I am still obliged
to state that I have seen none on the Australian coast, though I
z

202 HABITS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN ECHINI,

have been takiug an interest in our Echini for many years. There
is no species known to me in any of our Museums in any of the
colonies.

Echinus Barnleye^ms, nobis. Since I described this species I
have seen other specimens from different parts of the East
Australian coast. It is very gregarious and goes, I should imagine
in shoals on sandy bottoms. I sent specimens to Professor
Alexander Agassiz, of Cambridge Mass., and he tells me that the
species was known to him and he always regarded it as a variety
of the South American E. magellamcus. But as that species
differs from mine in some important particulars, is not known to
occur outside American waters, we may perhaps regard ours as
distinct.

Hipponoe variegata, Leske. I have already remarked the very
variable character of this species, but I am more disposed than
ever to regard the large individuals which are found occasionally
in Port Jackson as distinct species. The described light violet
or blue variety is not at all uncommon inside the Barrier Eeef .
Every specimen met by me was denuded of spines and cast high
and dry amid the debris on the sand and coral shingle, which is
found on one side of every reef. It is always a most consjDicuous
object of light violet or lilac colour. The white tubercles and the
markings of the coronal sutures giving it a most elegant appearance.
These features and the very deep actinal cuts easily distinguish it.

Evechiniis chloroticus, Yernl. This seems to be rather a common
species in New Zealand, judging from the facility with which
specimens are obtained. The spines are short and stout, and of
a uniform green colour. I know nothing of its habits, but should
be inclined to think that it took in New Zealand the place which
is occupied by Strong ylocentrotus eurythrogrammus in Australia.
Two small and young specimens were found near Port Jackson.

Echinanthus testiidinarius. In m;^ list of Echini I have stated
that this species is found fossil in the Murray Eiver beds, but

BY THE EEY. J. E. TEXISOX-WOODS, E.G.S., F.L.S., ETC. 203

Prof. McCoy has sliowii that the living form is distinct, though
resembling it in many respects. It has a very wide range and is
rather common. Prof. Agassiz called my attention to the
variability of the species and has suggested that my E. tnmidus
may be one of the varieties. But the two species are so entirely
different that the matter will not bear discussion. I intend to
publish a figure of E. tnmidus, and then this will I think be put
beyond a doubt. I have found E. testitudinarius all along the
East Australian coast, both within and outside the tropics and
have not noticed any great variability in its character, in fact I
should have said that it is one of the exceptionally constant species
in Australia. 1 obtained one small example from Moreton Bay,
which I presented to the National Museum Melbourne, which had
a remarkable depression in one of the petals, but this arises clearly
from a malformation. The specimen is dwarfed and depressed,
but not otherwise different from the normal type.

Lagcmum depressum, Lesson, and L. Bonami, Klein, are both
rather common on sandy situations, but the species of this genus
and PeroneUa are so extremely alike that unless the interior of the
test is examined they cannot be referred with certainty to any
genus or species.

PeroneUa decagonaUs, Lesson, is found of large size at Port
Denison and on sandy places all along the inside of the Barrier
Eeef. It extends to Port Jackson, but there it is only very small.
Within the tropics it is very large and of a blood red colour.
Though very much depressed at the edges, and seemingly thin
and fragile it has a very strong test, and is seldom found broken.
It lies on the sea bottom covered with sand, so that without a
dredge specimens are not easily obtained.

Chjpeaster Immilis, Leske. A very fine specimen of this urchin
was obtained by Messrs. Haswell and Morton, in Port Denison.
This is the first time it has been found on the Australian coasts.

JSclimaraclinins par ma, Klein, is not so common on the northern
coast as I supposed, but Arachmides placenta, Linn., is very

204 . DESCRIPTION'S OF AUSTRALIAT^ MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

plentiful. At the mouth of the Endeavour Eiver the coast was
strewn with dead and broken tests of the species. Using a very
small dredge at about ten fathoms one can obtain hundreds or
thousands of specimens anywhere between Cape Grenville and
Port Denison.

Maretla plamdata, Leske, is also a very com^mon species and is
found on a sandy bottom at moderate depths from about five
fathoms. We know very little about the Spatangidce, but their
habits might be easily studied in Sydney with even a small
aquarium. The peculiar smooth actinal plastron points no doubt
to some distinct habits and modes of getting its food, which would
be very interesting to study. Though it is not at all rare on the
east coast, yet because the test is very brittle it is never found on
the beach. Any s])ecimens that are washed up must be broken
to pieces. This shows how notliing but the dredge will reveal
what urchins we have in Australia.

Eclivnocardium &mfrale, Gray. This species is abundant on
sandy shores, from Port Jackson to East Tasmania. Like all the
clypeastroid urchins it seems to feed on Foraminifera.

Breijnia aicstralasice, Gray, is extremely abundant in the sandy
shallow bays about Port Denison.

Rhjnolrmus aiyicalis, nohis. Small specimens of this urchin
have lately been found in Port Jackson at sixteen fathoms. They
were not one-fourth the size of the type specimen obtained by
me from Moreton Bay.

Bescriptioxs of Australian Micro-Lepidoptera.
By E. Meyrick, B.A.

IV. TINEINA, (Continued).

The present instalment treats of the families Ghjpliiptcryg'ulcn
and Erechthiad(B, giving descriptions of fifty-three species, of which

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 205

number forty-two are new to science. One species appears to
liave been introduced, sixteen are confined to New Zealand, the
remaining thirty-six are confined to Australia. Before giving
the descriptions, I will offer some general remarks upon the
classification of the families forming the subject of the paper.

Amogst the Glyphiptenjgidce'Lh.SiYQ included the genera Simaethis
and CJioreutls, usually separated by European entomologists as a
distinct family, under the title of ChoreuUdce. These insects have
long been held to be of doubtful location, but our recent increased
knowlege of the group has caused unprejudiced minds to have
little hesitation in referring them at least to the neighbourhood of
of the Glyijlupterygidce ; so near do the}' come to this family in
structure that no definite point of distinction can be alleged,
except the abnormally broader wings, a variable and insufficient
character. I am decidedly of opinion that there is no ground for
separating the two families ; were they regarded as distinct, it
would certainly be necessary to form a third family for the
Australian genera Hypertropha, Eupselia, and Aeolocosma, which
are aUied to but differ from both. Perhaps this might eventually
be done, but at present I think it would be at least premature.
It must be admitted, however, that it is hardly psssible to define
the family as a whole so as to distinguish it from the OeGoplioridcE,
to which it comes nearest. The best points on which to rely
consist in vein 1 of fore-wings not being furcate at base, veins 7
and 8 not being stalked, and the antennte of $ not being
conspicuously ciliated ; but to all these points there are several
exceptions, though I think one or more will always be found to
hold. The characters of the Oecoplioridcd proper (which family I
hope shortly to take in hand) are remarkably uniform in them-
selves.

Of the Glyphipterygidce three European genera occur here, but
only two f Simaethis and Glypliipteryx) are represented by native
species, the single species of Choreutis being doubtless introduced
and tolerably cosmopolitan. The development of the genus

206 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

Glyphipteryx is remarkable, tlie number of species found in these
reo-ions already exceeding all those known from tke rest of tbe
world, nor do I think that future discoveries will reverse this
proportion. Besides these I have been obliged to form five new
genera, two of these being nearly allied to GlyjMpteryx, the
other three forming a group together. The group of GlypMioteryx
appears especially predominant in New Zealand, where their
numbers are out of all proportion to those of other families of
Tineina, compared with the standards of other regions; the
Glyphipterygidcd collected by myself on my New Zealand journey
formed about a twelfth part of the Tineina obtained, whilst in
Europe they constitute about a hundred and eightieth.

The other family, the JErecUhiadcD, is new, and contains five new
genera, which I have been compelled to form for the reception
of a peculiar group of species, which will not harmonise with
any previously established family. It is in my opinion related
to the GlypMpterygidcB, although in point of structural characters
it certainly approaches nearer to the Tineidce. The following will
be a general summary of its characteristics : —

EEECHTHIADJE, nov. fam.

Head rough, tufted between eyes (face smooth in one genus of
rather uncertain position). Ocelli present. No tongue. Maxillary
palpi well developed, folded. Labial palpi rather short or moderate,
porrected or drooping, generally roughly scaled or haired.
Antennae shorter than fore-wings, in ^ not ciliated. Legs
moderate, posterior tibise usually clothed with long hairs. Fore-
wings elongate-lanceolate, rarely with distinct hind-margin.
Hind- wings rather narrower than fore- wings, lanceolate, with
long cilia. Fore-wings with 11 (rarely 12) veins, subcostal vein
obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 1 simple or
furcate at base ; 6 and 7 separate, or more rarely stalked. Hind-
wings with 8 (or rarely 7) veins, subcostal obsolete towards base ;

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 207

5 and 6 stalked or separate. Larva sixteen-legged, feeding
internally on seeds or bark.

The normal type of markings consists of a pale central longi-
tudinal streak and oblique costal and dorsal streaks on a darker
ground. Structurally, as mentioned above, the family approaches
the Tineidce, especially in the rough head and folded well-developed
maxillary palpi ; the head is however less rough behind, and
especially tufted on the forehead, where the hairs commonly form
a projecting ridge ; all the wings, especially the hind- wings, are
narrower and more lanceolate, though there are exceptions ; vein
1 of fore-wings is often not furcate ; the obliteration of the sub-
costal veins of both wings on their basal halves appears to be a
constant character ; the tyj)e of markings is quite different, and
approximates in principle to that of the Ghjphij^terygidcB. I am
aware that these points hardly afford sufficient justification for
the creation of a new family ; but the insects themselves assort
so ill with the Tineidce, that I prefer to regard them provisionally
as a distinct group, believing that science will be better served
by an attempted arrangement, even if it be proved hereafter
faulty, than by throwing all together into a heterogeneous mass.
The group as constituted is at least natural in itself.

The family is probably of some extent in the Australian region,
though not at present known to me as occurring elsewhere. I
have described ten Australian and six New Zealand species, and
have every reason to believe that many more remain to be found,
especially in New Zealand, where the typical genus ErecMhias
seems to be dominant.

I purpose reserving until I come to treat of the Oecoplioridce
(where they will have an especial significance) some remarks on
the meaning and value attached to the group called a family, with
reference to the difficulty of limiting these groups when natural
by any fixed definition of characters.

208 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

aLYPHIPTEEYGID^ .

TKe eight genera hiterto found in Australia may be tabulated
as follows : —

I. Hind-wings broader tban fore-wings.

A. veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings stalked . . Hypertropba

B. veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings separate.

1. second joint of palpi rougMy scaled

beneath. . . . . . . . . Simaetliis

2. second joint of palpi with long, erect

bristles beneath . . . . . . Choreutis

II. Hind-wings narrower than, or hardly as broad

as fore-wings.

A. second joint of palpi beneath smooth, with

appressed scales.

1 . fore-wings with 1 1 separate veins . . Euj)selia

2. fore- wings with 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked Aeolocosma

B. second joint of palpi beneath roughly scaled

in somewhat projecting whorls . . . . Glyi)hii3teryx

C. second joint of palpi with long, loose, pro-

jecting hairs, tuft-like.

1 . veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings stalked . . Apistomorpha

2. veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings separate. . Phryganostola

Hypertropha, n. g.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennee half
as long as fore-wings, fiiliform, simple. No maxillary palpi.
Labial palpi short, recurved, second joint with appressed scales,
terminal joint slender, hardly acute- Thorax with a bifid crest
behind. Fore-wings very broadly triangular, less than twice as
lono- as broad, costa rounded, apex somewhat produced, hind-
margin waved, hardly oblique. Hind-wings rounded-triangular,
slightly broader than fore-wings, cilia short. Abdomen short,
rather stout. Legs short, stout, anterior and middle tibiee

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 20y

thickened with dense scales, posterior tibiae clothed with dense
long hairs. Fore-wings with 12 veins; no secondary cell ; 1
strongly furcate at base ; 7 and 8 long-stalked, going to either
side of apex. Hind- wings with 8 veins ; 2 and 4 from posterior
angle of cell.

The genus may be recognised by the very unusually broad
wings, the crested thorax, and amongst those nearest to it by the
stalking of veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings. In shape of wing it
resembles Simaethis, but surpasses it in breadth ; in the palpi,
and black hind-marginal spots it has affinity with EapseUa and
Aeolocosma. The only species at present known is brilliantly
marked ; it flies in the hot sunshine with rapidity, and is then
difficult to see ; in repose the wings form a broad nearly flat roof,
and are not raised as in Simaethis.

Hyp. thesaurella, n. sp.

(^ ? . 7V'-8". Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, densely
and irregularly mixed with ochreous and pale scales. Antennae
of (^ ochreous-f uscous, of ? ochreous annulated with dark fuscous.
Abdomen dark fuscous, lateral margins yellow. Legs dark
fuscous, indistinctly ringed with ochreous ; posterior tibiae yellow.
Fore-wings black, basal half almost entirely occupied by four
transverse, rather outwardly curved, almost confluent faint
ochreous-whitish bands, composed of numerous very fine transverse
strigulae, these bands being very obscurely separated by slender
black lines, only distinct as black spots on costa, where also the
pale bands are usually more distinct ; a small ochreous-whitish
spot on costa in middle, giving rise to an indistinct orange-ochreous
transverse line marking off the basal half, and itself immediately
followed by a metallic bluish-purple line of raised scales ;
immediately preceding the ochreous line are three small metallic
bluish-purple raised spots, one on inner-margin, one above and
one below middle ; and at about ^ from base is a transverse
metallic blue raised line from middle of disc perpendicularly to
2 ▲

210 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

mner-margin, interrupted on fold; an outwardly curved metallic
blue-purple line from f of costa to anal angle, lower half
interrupted to form three spots near and parallel to hind-
margin ; lower f of space between this and central line strewn
with ochreous-whitish scales, especially towards inner-margin ;
beyond this line is a white outwardly oblique spot on costa,
emitting a faint band of transverse whitish strigiilse along hind-
margin to anal angle, leaving three elongate black spots on
lower part of hind-margin ; bej^ond this band is an outwardly
oblique orange-ochreous subapical spot from costa ; cilia at
extreme apex black, beneath apex with an oblong transverse
snow-white spot, thence metallic blue-purple. Hind- wings deep
yellow, with a broad black margin ; cilia yellow, with a black
basal line.

This richly adorned insect cannot be confused with any other.
Its habits are truly sun-loving ; it sports in the hottest sun-shine
over the tops of young trees of Acacia decurrens, to which it appears
certainly attached. Taken occasionally in New South Wales at
Parramatta, and at Waratah on the lower Hunter ; also at
Melbourne and Brisbane, from January to March.

SiMAETHis, Leach.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue strong. Antennae about
half as long as fore- wings, filiform, m,^ ciliated. No maxillary
palpi. Labial palpi moderately long, recurved, second joint
beneath with rough scales often forming a small apical projection ;
terminal joint compressed, rather shorter than second, blunt.
Fore-wings broadly-triangular, apex somewhat produced, hind-
margin slightly oblique. Hind- wings broader than fore-wings,
ti'iangular, cilia short. Abdomen short, stout. Legs short,
broadly compressed, tibiae densely scaled. Fore-wings with 12
veins ; no secondary cell ; 1 furcate at base. Hind-wings with 8
veins ; 7 and 8 remote, 3 and 4 sometimes stalked or coincident.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. ^ll

Larva sixteen-legged, active, living in a web within a drawn-
together leaf ; pupa in a firm white cocoon.

This genus, though by no means large, is distributed throughout
the world, but seemingly more commonly towards the tropics.
In repose the imago rests with the fore-wings slightly raised and
partially expanded, so as not to entirely conceal the hind- wings.

Sim. sycopola, n. sp.
(^ $ . 5^"-6^". Head and thorax deep ochreous-brown,
irrorated with whitish scales. Palpi black, at base ochreous-
whitish, second and terminal joints clothed each with three whorls
of black white-tipped scales. Antennee black, annulated with
white, in (^ with long ciliations. Abdomen dark fuscous, strewn
with orange-ochreous scales. Legs dark fuscous, densely irrorated
with ochreous-whitish ; middle and posterior tibige suffused above
with orange-ochreous, densely clothed with hair-scales expanded
in whorls in middle and at apex ; tarsi white with four black
bands. Fore-wings strongly dilated, hind-margin slightly waved;
dark fuscous, faintly suffused with orange-ochreous posteriorly,
most distinctly at apex and along hind-margin ; two cloudy
transverse bands of finely-strewn purple-whitish scales ; first from
^ of costa to i of inner-margin, slightly waved above middle,
well-defined anteriorly only ; second indistinctly double, from f
of costa to just before anal angle, sharply angulated outwards
above middle, below which the inner portion is thrice sharply
and irregularly toothed ; fine purple -whitish scales are strewn
near base, on disc between first and second bands, and between
the second band and orange-ochreous hind-margin except on costa;
cilia dark fuscous, with paler reddish-ochreous-tinged spots above
and below middle. Hind- wings orange, with costa irregularly
black and a large black spot at apex, whence proceeds a straight
narrower black band above hind-margin to anal angle, whence
it is continued broadly along inner-margin to base, becoming
mixed with orange towards margin ; cilia fuscous with a paler
line near base, orange beneath apex.

212 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Immediately recognisable from its Australian allies by the
orange hind-wings ; it comes nearest to S. taprolanes, Z., from
Ceylon, which has similar hind- wings, but distinct ferruginous-
orange markings on the fore-wings. The imago appears in March
and again (apparently a second brood) in May, flying in the sun-
shine for about half-an-hour at sunset round Flcus stipulata, a
climbing fig grown commonly over garden walls in Sydney, and
native in tropical Australia. Larva slender, cylindrical, greyish-
ochreous marbled with rather darker ; dorsal brownish-ochreous,
irregular ; head pale ochreous. Feeds in a web within partially
folded leaves of Ficus stipidata, in February and April. Pupa
pale olive-greenish, in an elongate spindle-shaped firm white
cocoon, placed on upper surface of leaf beneath a flat white
covering web.

Sim. melanopepla, n. sp.

$ . 6"-6i". Head and thorax deep ochreous-brown, irrorated
with whitish scales in irregular transverse lines. Palpi white at
base, second and terminal joints clothed each with three whorls
of black white-tipped scales. Antennae black, annulated with
white. Abdomen deep ochreous-brown, segmental margins with
a few white scales. Legs dark fuscous, densely irrorated with
white ; middle and posterior tibise densely clothed with hair- scales
expanded in whorls in middle and at apex ; tarsi white with four
black bands. Fore-wings strongly dilated, hind-margin slightly
waved ; dark fuscous, tinged with ochreous towards base, more
blackish posteriori}^, with clondy whitish markings caused by the
aggregation of black white-tipped scales ; a few scales at base,
and a slender transverse fascia near base ; a broad nearly straight
transverse band at \, and a very broad rather outwardly curved
band from f of costa to before anal angle, the two bands almost
confluent on lower half, leaving a triangular blackish costal spot ;
an orange-ochreous streak on costa near apex, continued round
apex along hind-margin to anal angle ; cilia fuscous, black at
base, with a paler line. Hind-wings blackish-fuscous, rather

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 213

lighter towards base ; cilia blackish-fuscous, with a black line
near base.

Very similar to the preceding in all respects except the blackish
hind- wings ; the fore- wings are also darker and the markings
rather clearer.

Two females taken on garden fences in Sydney, in November.

It is very probable that the larva of this species also is attached
to some one of the several cultivated species of Ficiis.

Sim. combinatana, Wh\, Brit. Mus. Cat., 456.
^ . Qh". Head and thorax deep ochreous-brown, with a few
white scales. Palpi white at base, second joint clothed with four
whorls of black white-tipped scales, terminal joint black with
three slender white rings. Anteun?e black, annulated with white,
in (^ with long ciliations. Abdomen blackish, with a few whitish
scales. Legs dark fuscous, thickly irrorated with whitish, tarsi
with indistinct whitish rings, posterior tibiae clothed with dense
hair-scales. Fore-wings slightly dilated, hind-margin distinctly
waved; blackish-fuscous, tinged with reddish-brown on costa
beyond middle, and within each pair of transverse lines ; some
purple-whitish scales irregularly arranged transversely near base ;
four transverse cloudy lines of purple-whitish scales, arranged in
pairs, and starting from small white costal spots ; fii'st pair from
\ of costa to ^ of inner-margin, rather curved outwards, irregularly
toothed ; second pair from f of costa to just before anal angle,
angulated outwards beneath costa, but indistinct and irregular ;
a streak of purple -whitish scales from aj)ex very near but not on
hind-margin, reaching to middle ; a second similar streak from
middle of hind-margin, immediately beyond end of first, continued
along hind-margin, not extending to anal angle ; cilia dark fuscous
containing a cloudy white basal spot above and another below
middle of hind-margin. Hind-wings rather narrow, hind-margin
strongly sinuate below middle, anal angle prominent ; dark
fuscous, broadly blackish along hind-margin, with two rather

214 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

short cloudy parallel streaks of blue-whitisli scales, one nearly
along hind-margin at anal angle, the other immediately above it ;
cilia white on the hind-marginal sinuation, becoming gradually
smoky-fuscous towards apex and on anal angle, black at base
throughout.

The narrower wings and more sinuate margins give this species
a very different figure to the two preceding, with which it cannot
therefore be confused. It is very nearly allied to the well-known
Eui'opean S. oxyacanthella, L., ffahriciana, Steph.), from which it
would appear to be best distinguished by the deep sinuation
between anal angle and middle of hind-margin, by the much less
distinct double bluish-tinged streaks of the hind- wings, and the
deeper tint of the fore- wings.

Two males taken amongst forest growth at Wellington, New
Zealand, flying towards sunset ; in January. Walker's specimens
are merely stated to be from New Zealand.

Choretjtis, Sh.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue strong. Antennse about
haK as long as fore-wings, filiform, in (^ ciliated. No maxillary
palpi. Labial palpi moderately long, recurved, second joint
ben eath with long dense proj ecting bristles ; terminal j oint slender,
pointed. Fore-wings broadly triangular, hind-margin straight.
Hind-wings broader than fore-wings, triangular, cilia very short.
Abdomen short, stout. Legs short, broadly compressed, posterior
tibise densely scaled. Fore-wings with 12 veins; no secondary
cell ; 1 furcate at base. Hind- wings with 8 veins ; 7 and 8
remote ; 3 and 4 sometimes stalked or coincident.

This is a very small genus, of which the species described here
is almost universally distributed, but has probably been trans-
ported through the medium of civilisation. In habits the species
resemble Simaethis, and the imago holds the fore-wings slightly
raised in the same manner.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 215

Larva sixteen-legged, living in a web between drawn-together
leaves. Pupa in a firm cocoon.

Chor. bjerkandrella, Thnb.

^ ? . 4"-5". Head grey, face tinged witb yellow. Palpi white,
second joint grey on side with two black rings before apex,
beneath with long blackish and white diverging bristles, terminal
joint blackish. Antennae black, annulated with white, in (;^ with
moderate ciliations. Thorax yellowish-ferruginous, with five
longitudinal metallic grey-silvery lines. Abdomen black, with
silvery-white rings. Legs white, tibise with central and apical
black bands, tarsi with four black bands. Pore- wings moderately
dilated, apex and hind-margin rounded ; dark fuscous, basal
third yellowish-ferruginous, except on margins and a central
longitudinal streak ; two short metallic-silvery streaks from base
along the costal margin and central streak ; two cloudy whitish
transverse bands, first from ^ of costa to ^ of inner-margin, rather
curved outwards, furcate on inner-margin ; second from f of costa
to before anal angle, angulated outwards above middle ; the space
between these is irregularly sprinkled with whitish scales ; two
round black blotches immediately preceding second band, one on
inner margin, the other below middle, each containing an elongate
metallic purple-silvery mark, that in the upper one being three-
pointed ; several other metallic purple-silvery markings, consisting
of an elongate mark on inner margin of second band above middle,
a small costal spot between the two bands, an elongate mark on
hind-margin below middle, preceded by an elongate black blotch,
a spot on costa immediately beyond second band, and an elongate
mark round apex : cilia dark grey, with a pale line in middle
and another before tips, tips white round apex. Hind-wings
dark fuscous, blackish towards apex, with a white elongate spot
on disc beyond middle, parrallel to hind-margin, and sometimes
another less distinct white spot above it on costa ; cilia blackish,
with two white lines.

216 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

I have thought it well to redescribe from Australian and New
Zealand specimens this species, which is well-known in Europe,
doubtless its home. The same species (subject to local variations)
has been recorded also from South Africa and South America.
In New South Wales it occurs round Sydney, at Shoalhaven,
Murrurundi, Blackheath (3,600 feet), and Bowenfels, but rather
sparingly ; also at Melbourne, and in Queensland at Eosewood
and Toowoomba ; always more or less casually. In New Zealand
however, I met with it on the swampy thistle-grown plains at
Hamilton, on the Waikato, in immense profusion, swarming on
the thistle-blossoms in the sunshine, in January. In Australia
it occurs from September to January.

In Europe the larva feeds on Inula ; probably in other parts of
the world it is not restricted from other Compositce ; in New
Zealand at least it must certainly feed on the thistle.

I do not see any tangible difference between Australian, New
Zealand, and South European specimens.

EupsELiA, n. g.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae much
shorter than fore-wings, filiform, simple. No maxillary palpi.
Labial palpi short, recurved, not reaching vertex, second joint
with appressed scales, terminal joint slender, acute. Fore- wings
elongate, rather broad, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hind-
margin oblique, rounded. Hind-wings elongate-ovate, as broad
as, or slightly narrower than fore- wings, cilia moderate. Abdomen
moderate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiae clothed with long hairs,
anterior tibiae sometimes thickened with scales. Fore-wings with
1 1 veins ; no secondary cell ; 1 furcate at base. Hind- wings
with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

The only larva as 3"et known is sixteen-legged, slender and
active, and mines in galleries in leaves, with peculiar accessory
habits ; pupa naked, erect, attached by the tail.

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 217

The genus is tlie only one in the family, in which the fore-
wings have only 1 1 veins. Its nearest ally is the succeeding
genus Aeolocosma, from which it differs in the antennae of ^
being quite simple, and in the neuration. The round black
metallic-edged hind-marginal spots are a remarkable secondary
characteristic, (shared also to some extent by Aeolocosma and
HypertrojyhaJ which is very constant and trustworthy. In repose
the images rest with the wings forming a rather sloping roof ;
E. aristonica extends the furry anterior legs in front, but this
habit is not shared by the rest. The species are all more or less
retired and sluggish in habit, and hence appear not common.

The genus is peculiar to Australia, so far as known. Probably
it contains a considerable number of species ; the seven here
described may be thus tabulated : —

I. Hind-wings yellow at base.

A. Fore-wings with a dark fuscous blotch on

inner-margin . . . . . . . .4. beatella

B. Fore-wings without dark fuscous blotch

on inner-margin.

1. with three black hind-marginal spots 3. carpocapsella

2. with five black hind-marginal spots . .6. theorella

II. Hind- wings wholly fuscous-grey or blackish.

A. Fore-wings brownish-ochreous, irrorated

with whitish . . . . . . . .7. melanostrepta

B. Fore- wings with basal half yellow, apical

purple .. .. .. .. . .5. satrapella

C. Fore-wings blackish.

1 . with white spots near base of inner-

margin and on costa . . . . 1 . aristonica

2. without white spots . . . . . .2. percussana

2 B /

218 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Eups. aristonica, n. sp.
^ . 6". Head dark fuscous, face rather lighter. Palpi dark
fuscous, mixed with, whitish towards base. Antennse dark fuscous
Thorax dark fuscous, with a small svhitish indistinct spot on
middle of lateral margin. Abdomen black with indistinct yellowish
rings, anal tuft ochreous-yellow. Anterior and middle legs
blackish-fuscous, beneath mixed with whitish, anterior tibise
much dilated with hair scales ; posterior legs pale ochreous-yellow,
base of tibice and basal rings of all tarsal joints black. Fore-
wings rather broad, hind-margin rather slightly oblique ; very
dark fuscous, almost black ; a square white spot on inner-margin
near base, anteriorly somewhat suffused, its upper anterior angle
connected with two short suffused white streaks, one running to
centre of base, the other to costa near base, followed by a few
scattered whitish scales; a small rectangular white spot on middle
of costa, divided into two by a transverse dark fuscous line, each
half giving rise to a leaden-blue metallic line, proceeding parallel
directly across wing ; a leaden-blue metallic spot before them on
inner-margin ; a leaden-blue metallic line from middle of disc
immediately beyond them to anal angle, interrupted beneath its
apex ; beyond this line are thickly strewn very fine longitudinal
whitish hair-scales ; a very small white spot on costa before apex,
giving rise to a short outwardly oblique leaden-metallic line, and
with a small leaden-metallic spot beneath it ; extreme apex
ochreous-orange ; four circular black spots on lower half of hind-
margin, surrounded by a few pale ochreous scales, the uppermost
spot small ; a violet-metallic line along hind-margin on base of
cilia, rest of cilia dark fuscous. Hind- wings blackish-fuscous ;
cilia ochreous-yellow, with a darker line near base.

Not to be confused with any other species ; in repose the fore-
legs are extended. One specimen beaten from dry scrub near
Parramatta in December.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. ^19

Eups. percussana, JFkr., Brit. Mus. Cat., 998.
'' (^ . 1". Head, thorax, and abdomen cupreous-blackish.
Fore-wings with hind-margin moderately oblique ; cupreous-
blackish, with transverse cinereous lines, some of which posteriorly
are blue-metallic ; disc near hind-margin with minute longitudinal
cinereous hair-scales ; hind-marginal dots deep black, partly
bordered with metallic blue. Hind- wings cupreous-blackish ;
cilia pale cinereous. Tasmania."

The above is Walker's description, divested of superfluities and
interpreted ; brief and incomplete as it is, it is sufficient to clearly
indicate a species of this genus distinct from any I have seen. I
thought it best therefore to include the descriptions of this and
the following species in the present paper, to direct attention
towards them, and render the subject as complete as possible.

Eups. carpocapsella, W"kr., Brit. Mus. Cat., 998.

'' $ . 7". Head, thorax, and abdomen slaty- cinereous. Fore-
wings rounded, slaty-cinereous, posteriorly cupreous-tinged, with
transverse brown streaks, interrupted towards the base, but
complete posteriorly, and forming the ground-colour along hind-
margin ; three deep black cupreous-bordered spots on lower part
of hind-margin ; cilia slaty-cinereous, tinged with cupreous.
Hind-wings yellow, with a very broad dark fuscous border,
excavated interiorly; cilia partly yellow. Brisbane, Queensland."

The description is Walker's, similarly treated as the preceding ;
I have not seen the specimen, but it is certainly an Eupselia,
nearly allied to E. leatella, but without the dark fuscous triangular
patch on inner margin.

Eups. beatella, Wh\, Brit. Mus. Cat., 999.

$ . 6^". Head, palpi, and thorax pale ashy-grey, crown and

upper portion of thorax suffused with dark fuscous. Antennae

pale grey. Abdomen yellowish-fuscous. Legs whitish, anterior

and middle tibise thickened with scales ; anterior tibiae and tarsi

220 DESCRirTIONS OF At'STEALIAX MICRO-LEPIDOPTEKA,

suffused above witli dark fuscous ; middle tibiee with two suffused
fuscous rings, tarsi with fuscous rings at base of joints ; posterior
tibiae yellowish, tarsi pale j^ellowish with indistinct fuscous rings
at base of joints. Fore- wings moderately broad, hind-margin
rather oblique ; very pale ashy-grey ; six short cloudy grey streaks
from costa before middle, the first two uniting with two similar
streaks from inner-margin ; a large rounded-triangular clearly-
marked dark fuscous blotch on inner-margin slightly before
middle, reaching half across wing ; two parallel nearly straight
grey lines crossing wing from slightly beyond middle of costa to
just before anal angle ; beyond the second line the apical portion
of the wing is entirely dark fuscous, intersected by a straight
leaden-metallic line from above midde of disc to anal angle, nearly
parallel to the second line ; and by a cloudy ashy- whitish line,
strongly curved outwards, from | of costa to anal angle, preceded
by thickty strewn longitudinal whitish hair-scales on disc below
middle ; a similar cloudy slaty-whitish line from costa just before
apex to hind-margin, continued along hind-margin, and coalescing
with the first; four oval black spots on lower liaK of hind-margin,
uppermost small, each surrounded with a whitish ring ; a violet-
metallic line along base of cilia, rest of cilia dark fuscous. Hind-
wings pale yellow, with a broad blackish-fuscous border along
hind-margin, broadest at apex ; cilia dark fuscous, beneath apex
and on inner-margin yellowish, with a blackish line near base.

Easily known by the dark fuscous dorsal blotch and hind-
margin on a pale ground, and yellow hind-wings. One $ taken
at rest on a Eucalyptus-trunk at Sydney, in December ; Walker's
specimen was a (^ and is simply given as from 'Australia.'

Eups. satrapella, 71. sp.

(^ $ . 6^"-7V'. Head and palpi deep yellow. A.ntenna} dark
fuscous, indistinctly annulated with whitish. Thorax deej) yellow,
anterior margin and a square central spot connected with it dark
purple-fuscous ; in ? the whole anterior poi-tion is suft'used with

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 221

fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, tinged witli yellowisli on sides.
Legs dark purple-fuscous, posterior tibite yellosv, posterior tarsi
yellowish with dark fuscous rings at base of joints. Fore-wings
moderately broad, hind-margin considerably oblique; deep yellow
aj)ical portion beyond an inwardly curved line from three-fifths
of costa to f of inner-margin purple (light reddish-purple scales
being thickly strewn on a black ground, towards anal angle in
longitudinal lines); a suffused dark fuscous streak along costa
from base to middle ; a dark fuscous streak along lower half of
division-line of the yellow and purple portions, immediately
beyond which are two small deep blue spots one in middle, the
other above inner-margin ; a broader dark fuscous streak from
costa at junction of yellow and purple portions to anal angle,
slightly curved inwards, bordered posteriorly on its lower half
with purple-blue ; a very oblique, short, dark fuscous streak from
costal extremity of this streak towards hind-margin a little below
apex, above which is a deep purple-blue spot, and the extreme
costa is yellow ; four round black spots on lower part of hind-
margin, surrounded by ochreous scales, and alternating with
three smaller longitudinally elongate black spots ; a metallic
purple line along base of cilia, rest of cilia dark fuscous. Hind-
wings dark fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, on costa yellowish.

This very handsome species is superficially very dissimilar to
all its congeners from its yellow and purple colouring ; in this it
has at first sight an external resemblance to some of the Oecop}iorid(Z
but, apart from structural points, may be known from them by
the black hind-marginal spots. It appears tolerably common,
though retired in habit ; occurring round Sydne}' and Parramatta,
and in Queensland at Helidon, from September to November,
and again in February and March.

The larval and pupal stages of this species are very singular.
Larva very elongate, tolerably cylindrical but slightly flattened,
smooth, head, second and anal segments with a few short blackish

222 DESCRIPTIOI^^S OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

bristles ; wliitish, slightly tinged witli greenish-grey ; a slender
irregular reddish-ochreous line on each side of dorsal space ; sub-
dorsal rather broader, darker reddish-ochreous, anteriorly
partially double, enclosing irregular spaces of ground-coloiu* ;
spiracular slender, nearly straight, interrupted, reddish-ochreous ;
subspiracular similar, more interrupted; spots small, distinct,
blackish-grey ; head grey- whitish, with three longitudinal rather
broad pale amber stripes, mouth blackish ; second and anal
segments with markings obsolete, anal segment obliquely
flattened. When half -grown, all the markings are nearly obsolete,
the head and part of second segment blackish. Feeds in a long
rather sinuate swollen gallery within leaves of Eucalyptus, sp.,
issuing by night through a hole and eating substance of leaf
outside ; by day remaining concealed in the gallery, but traversing
it with great celerity if disturbed; found in August and September.

Pupa long, slender, dull brown, wingcases short, whitish,
thorax almost angulated on shoulders ; quite naked, affixed by
the tail, stiffly and perpendicularly projected from the surface of
its attachment, so as to be actually standing erect upon its tail.
I had several of these pup^e, which were all similarly fastened to
twigs and the sides of the glass containing them.

Eups. theorella, n. S2).

? . 6". Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen light ochreous-
brown. Antennae ochreous- whitish, annulated with black. Legs
light ochreous-brown, anterior tibiee and tarsi suffused with dark
fuscous, post tibia) and tarsi pale ochreous-yellow. Fore-wings
elongate, hind-margin extremely oblique; ochreous-brown,
thickly irrorated with paler scales, becoming elongate hair-scales
towards lower portion of hind-margin ; about ten very obscure
and faint transverse streaks from costa, caused by the disappear-
ance of the pale scales, some of them faintly continued to inner-
margin ; two in middle of wing more distinct, rather divergent
on disc, confluent on inner-margin and forming there a transversely

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 223

elongate metallic-oclireous spot, becoming oelireous-white on
inner-margin itself ; an oblique ocbreous-brown streak from | of
costa to liind-margin beneath apex, and an oval ocbreous-brown
spot at apex ; five round black spots very close together below
middle of hind-margin ; a violet-metallic line on base of cilia,
broken into spots, especially towards apex ; rest of cilia ochreous-
fuscous, towards apex blackish, with two small whitish spots on
tips beneath apex. Hind-wings with basal half yellow with a
few scattered dark fuscous scales ; apical half dark fuscous,
sending a cloudy protuberance inwards above middle ; cilia
blackish-fuscous, on costa yellowish.

This and the following species diif er from all the preceding by
the much more oblique hind-margin of fore-wings ; the two are
nearly allied, but immediately separable from each other by the
different hind- wings.

Two females taken amongst dry scrub at Parramatta in
November.

Eups. melanostrepta, n. sp.

^ ? . 6". Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous- whitish, mixed
with ochreous-grey. Antennae ochreous-whitish, annulated with
dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-grey. Legs ochreous-whitish,
anterior and middle pair irrorated with grey. Fore-wings
elongate, hind-margin very oblique ; brownish-ochreous, so
densely irrorated with ochreous-whitish scales that the ground-
colour is entirely obscured, except on a few faint transverse
streaks ; two more distinct transverse ochreous-brown streaks in
middle from costa to inner-margin, divergent above middle,
approximated on inner-margin, where they enclose a small white
spot ; before these the inner-margin is obscurely whitish nearly
to base ; an oblique ochreous-brown streak from f of costa to
hind-margin below apex, and an indistinct ochreous-brown oblique
streak immediately before apex ; surface of wing strewn with
ochreous-whitish hair-scales towards lower part of hind-margin ;

224 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

six round black spots very close togetlier on kind-margin below
middle ; a violet-metallic line on base of cilia, broken into roundish,
spots, especially towards apex ; rest of cilia smoky-fuscous. Hind-
wings and cilia dark fuscous.

Quite of the same form as the preceding ; the forewings more
suffused with ochreous-whitish, and therefore paler, with an
additional black spot, the hind- wings wholly dark fuscous.
Several specimens taken by Mr. Or. H. Raynor at Melbourne,
and also at Brighton in Tasmania, in January.

AeOLOCOSMA, 71. ff.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae
shorter than forewings, filiform, in ^ ciliated. No maxillary
palpi. Labial palpi rather short, recurved, second joint with
appressed scales, terminal joint shorter, slender, acute. Fore-
wings elongate, moderately broad, costa slightly arched, apex
rounded, hind-margin very oblique, rounded. Hind- wings ovate-
lanceolate, narrower than fore-wings, pointed, cilia as bl'oad.
Abdomen moderate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiae clothed with
long hairs. Fore-wings with 12 veins ; 7 and 8 stalked, to either
side of apex ; no secondary cell ; 1 simple at base. Hind-wings
with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

Allied to the preceding genus, and agreeing with it in the
palpi, and in the possession of the black hindmarginal spots
(though these are obscured in one species), but differing in the
strongly ciliated antennfe of (^ , the acute hind- wings, and the
different neuration. In these points the genus approaches more
nearly to the type of the Oecoplion'dce, from all of which family
it is at once distinguished by vein 1 of fore-wings not being
fui'cate at base, as well as by the secondary character of the
black hind-marginal spots. In markings and shape of fore-
wings the genus approximates to Eupselia. I have as yet only
two species, confined to Australia. The larvse are unknown.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 225

In repose the images rest witli the wings forming a sloping roof ;
they fly slowly towards sunset in sheltered places.

Aeol. iridozona, n. sp.
(^ $ . 4f"-5|^". Head, palpi, and thorax, dark fuscous mixed
with grey. Antennae dark grey, in ^ with moderately long
dense ciliations. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous,
posterior tibise paler and with ochreous-whitish hairs, all tarsi
with indistinct whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings
elongate, rather narrow, hind-margin extremely oblique, apex
broadly rounded ; ochreous-grey, strewn with ochreous-whitish
scales ; two slender straight golden-ochreous black-margined
transverse fasciae, one immediately on each side of middle of
wing, perpendicular to costa, and enclosing a slender pale silvery-
grey space ; from the dorsal extremity of second fascia proceeds
a third similar golden-ochreous black-margined fascia obliquely
to f of costa, its posterior edge bordered by a pale silvery-grey
fascia of equal breadth ; six nearly square black spots, sej)arated
by silvery-whitish scales, on lower portion of hind-margin, very
near together and som.etimes almost confused, uppermost and
lowest smaller than the rest ; cilia fuscous-grey, with an
indistinct dark line round apex. Hind-wings narrow, ovate-
lanceolate, fuscous-grey ; cilia fuscous-grey.

This elegantly marked species has a very delicate and fragile
appearance ; it is very distinct from all others known, It occurs
at Parramatta and Sydney in August and September amongst
dry scrub, in very sheltered places only ; it is tolerably common,
but local, and only obtainable towards sunset, when it flies gently
close to the ground.

Aeol. marmaraspis, n. sp.

^ $ . 5f'' -7.'' Head and thorax deep bronzy-fuscous, tinged

with Durple. Palpi golden-yellow, terminal joint with a black

line oeneath. Antennae dark fuscous, in ^ with rather long

ciliations. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, segments above sufltused

2 C

226 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

with, oclireous except on margins. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi with
slender wliitisli rings at apex of joints, posterior tibiae clothed
above with long whitish hairs. Fore-wings elongate, rather
narrow, hind-margin oblique, apex rather acutely rounded ; dark
fuscous, coarsely strewn with pale golden-ochreous scales ; a
short deep golden-yellow longitudinal streak of hair-scales from
base, posteriorly suffused into a cloudy spot of whitish scales on
disc before ^, which is faintly expanded to costa and inner
margin, forming an obsolete band ; a straight rather oblique
obsolete band of whitish (in some lights bluish) scales from costa
before middle to just before anal angle, where it forms a small
distinct white spot ; a rather large clear white rectangular spot
on costa at f, from which proceeds a cloudy band of pale leaden-
blue scales towards hind-margin above anal angle ; a few
leaden-blue scales on hind-margin beneath apex ; some irregular
black scales along lower f of hind-margin, tending to form
obscure broken spots ; cilia dark metallic grey, with ochreous
reflections. Hind-wings elongate-ovate, dark fuscous-grey ;
cilia dark fuscous-grey, with an obsolete darker line near base.

In shape of wing this species approaches many of the
Oecophoridwy and the black hind-marginal spots being ill-defined,
it would be difficult of location if the neuration were not
examined. Specifically it is very distinct ; the golden-yellow
palpi, and basal line of fore-wings are marked characters ;
though not brightly coloured, it is a handsome insect. I have
only found it on the swampy grass-covered ledges which project
from the face of the perpendicular precipice that overhangs the
Grose Yalley by the waterfall at Q-ovett'sLeap, near Blackheath,
3,500 feet above the sea. Here it is common in November,
flying languidly in the sunshine over the tops of the long grass.
Glyphipteryx, Sh.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae much
shorter than f orewings, slender, filiform, in ^ pubescent or very
shortly ciliated. No maxilliary palpi. Labial palpi rather short,

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 227"

thick, arched ; second joint laterally compressed, often roughly
scaled beneath ; terminal joint as long as second, pointed.
Fore-wings elongate, variable in breadth, hind-margin often
indented, oblique, apex rounded, often produced. Hind- wings
varying from ovate to lanceolate, narrower than f orewings, cilia
rather narrower or broader. Abdomen rather elongate. Legs
rather short, smoothly scaled. Forewings with 12 veins;
secondary cell indicated ; 7 and 8 separate ; 1 simple or more or
less furcate at base. Hind- wings with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from
posterior angle of cell, sometimes short- stalked.

The genus may always be recognized by the short palpi clothed
with whorls of scales, and metallic transverse markings ; it is a
very conspicuously natural one, and not very close to any but
Fhrijganostola and Aimtomoriolia, which have a long tuft on second
joint of palpi. All the species have the same habit of alternately
raising and depressing their wings when at rest, as though
fanning themselves; I have noticed this habit in all the
Australian and New Zealand species. They are sun-loving
insects, and fly especially in the afternoon towards sunset, in
grassy places.

The genus is apparently of universal distribution, but hitherto
not nmnerous in species, 17 having been described altogether
from other parts of the Globe; 18 are here described from
Australia and New Zealand, where doubtless many more remain
to be discovered, so that these regions would appear to be
especially favoured by them. The proportion appears to be
largest in New Zealand.

The larvae are 16-legged, rather stout, and feed principally on
the seeds of grasses and allied plants, except one European
species on Sedum. I have not yet succeeded in finding the larvae
of any Australia species, but from the habits of the imago, I
have little doubt that all will be found to feed in the seed-heads
of different species of grass and sedge.

228 BESCRIPtlOXS OF ATJSTRALIATf MlCRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

The following is an analytical table of tlie 18 species : —

I. Fore-wings without sharp apical hook in cilia.

A. Hind-wings bright yellow with fuscous

margin . . . . . . . . 1 Chrysolithella

B. Hind-wings wholly fuscous-grey.

1 . Eore-wings with a black patch towards

anal angle.
a. A white complete transverse fascia

close to base . . . . . . 6 Asteriella

h. A white transverse spot on inner
margin near base.
*. Black patch narrow, containing 4

metallic spots in a row . . 5 Triselena
**. Black patch broad, containing o

or 6 irregular spots . . . . 4 lometalla

c. No white spot or fascia close to base.
^\ AVith a fan-shaped posterior

patch of ochreous lines . . 3 Cometophora
^^. Without such patch . . . . 2 Atristriella

2. Fore-wings without black patch . .7 Euastera

II. Fore-wings witli a sharp black apical hook in cilia.

A. Fore-wings with two conspicuous pale
spots on inner margin.

1. Spots yellow 10 Chrysoplanetis

2. Spots white.

a. First spot extending to costa . . 9 Meteora
h. Both reaching to middle of wing only.
*. Third costal streak meeting anal
streak, forming a curved
fascia .. .. . . 12 Astoronota

^>*'''. Third costal streak not united

with anal streak . . ..11 Leucocerastes

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 229

B. Fore-Tvings with a slender white streak

from middle of inner margin . .13 Actinobola

C. Fore-wings with, four indistinct silvery-

white streaks from inner margin . . 8 Sabella

D. Fore-wings grey, with a black streak

from middle of inner margin ..16 Acrothecta

E. Fore- wings without dorsal markings

before anal angle.

1. Fore- wings dull dark bronze . .14 Palaeomorpha

2. Fore- wings grey, slightly bronzy-

tinged . . . . . . ..15 lochesera

3. Fore-wings bright coppery-bronze.

a. With a complete curved fascia

beyond middle . . ..17 Astrapeea

h. With costal and anal streaks not

united . . , . . . ..18 Transversella

Glyph, chrysolithella, n. sp.

(^ ? . 4f''-7'\ — Head dark fuscous, behind mixed with
ochreous. Palpi ochreous-yellow, second joint with thi-ee
flattened whorls of black yellowish- white tipped scales, terminal
joint black at base and with a black longitudinal line beneath.
Antennce dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, paler on sides.
Abdomen dark fuscous, with indistinct yellowish rings, anal
extremity 3-ellow. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibise with a
central yellowish band, posterior tarsi with two apical joints and
basal rings on the others yellowish. Fore wings broad, hind-
margin nearly straight, very slightly sinuate above middle ; dark
ochreous-bronze, with a few pale scales towards disc ; an obscure
whitish transverse spot on inner margin near base ; a violet -
golden metallic streak from costa at ^, not oblique, reaching
middle of wing ; a rather shorter similar streak from inner
margin immediately beyond it ; two minute whitish spots on costa
before and beyond middle, giving rise to indications of metallic

230 DESCKIPTIONS OF AUSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPEDOPTERA,

streaks ; a Tvhite spot on costa at f , giving rise to a straight
obKque violet-golden metallic streak, reaching middle of wing j
a similar opposite streak from anal angle, almost meeting this ;
a rather broad black longitudinal streak on disc, extending from
apex of first costal streak to apex of streak from anal angle,
obtusely toothed above beyond middle, containing two rather
large roundish violet-golden metallic spots on its lower margin,
projecting beyond it, and a much smaller similar spot between
and above them ; an ochreous-white spot on costa at five-sixths,
and another immediately before apex, both giving rise to oblique
violet-golden metallic streaks reaching middle of hind-margin,
one or other of which often unites with a violet-golden metallic
streak nearly along lower part of hind-margin almost to anal
angle ; between f and five-sixths is an oblique blackish streak
from costa to middle of disc ; cilia with a very strong black line
almost at base, grey, at apex and anal angle black, with a large
white spot on middle of hind-margin, and a small one just above
anal angle. Hind-wings trapezoidal, moderately broad; golden-
yellow, hind-margin very broadly blackish ; cilia golden-yellow,
on hind-margin black at base.

This splendid species is distinguished from all others in the
genus by the yellow hind- wings. It is local, but occurs rather
commonly on the ledges of the precipice at Grovett's Leap,
Blackheath, flying slowly in the sunshine in March; also at
Campbelltown, Sydney, and Parramatta ; and I have seen
specimens from Tasmania.

Glyph, atristriella, Z. Hor. Eoss., 1877, p. 398.
"(?• 6^". Head and thorax brown. Palpi white at base,
second joint black with white rings, terminal joint black with a
white longitudinal line. Antennae fuscous. Abdomen yellowish-
fuscous with broad yellowish rings, anal extremity pale yellow.
Anterior legs fuscous, tibiae with two white spots, aj^ex of three
first tarsal joints whitish ; (middle legs broken ;) posterior legs

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 231

blackisli-fuscous, tibiae with wMtisli-yellow central and apical
spots, tarsi with apex of first three joints whitish-yellow, two
apical joints wholly whitish. Fore-wings rather parallel- sided
golden-ochreous, duller towards base, lighter on disc, on inner
margin irrorated with fuscous ; a strong black longitudinal streak
on middle of disc, posteriorly attenuated and bent upwards, with
three silvery-metallic roundish spots, one at its origin, one in
middle, the third before the extremity beneath ; the first of these
forms the apex of a rather oblique streak from costa before ^,
which is followed at equal intervals on costa by a silvery -metallic
dot, a short transverse streak, and an outwardly curved transverse
fascia, attenuated above middle, ending on inner margin beyond
the black discal streak ; two white costal spots before apex, each
giving rise to a violet- silvery metallic line, haK-way across wing
uniting into a thick line ending at anal angle. Hind- wings
fuscous, towards the base mixed with yellowish ; cilia very pale
yellowish, tips grey towards apex, and with a grey-fuscous line.
One (^ from Tasmania."

I have not seen this species ; I have translated Zeller's original
description, which is written with his usual accuracy, and clearly
points to an insect rather nearly allied to the preceding G.
chrysolithella, but without the yellow hind- wings ; the markings
of the fore-wings are very similar.

Grlyph. cometophora, n. sp.

^ $ . 7"-9". Head bronzy-grey. Palpi whitish at base,
second joint clothed with three whorls of black white-tipped
scales, terminal joint loosely scaled, black, with an ochreous-
whitish line on each side, and an ochreous whitish sub -apical
spot above. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax brassy-bronze.
Abdomen dark greyish-fuscous, with pale ochreous rings beneath,
apex pale ochreous. Legs dark fuscous; posterior tibige with
central and apical whitish bands, posterior tarsi with whitish
rings at apex of joints. Fore- wings broad, hind-margin slightly

232 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

sinuate above middle ; oclireous-bronze, with a brassy tinge,
witli six complete or interrupted violet-silvery metallic transverse
fasciae, second to sixth starting from small wbitisli spots on costa ;
first from ^ of costa, rather oblique, reaching to fold or
sometimes to inner margin ; second entire, straight, slightly
oblique, on inner margin whitish ; third broken in middle, apex
of dorsal portion rather beyond apex of costal ; sixth from five-
sixth of costa to hind-margin just above anal angle, slightly
curved outwardly ; between third and sixth is an expanded fan-
like patch of dense diverging pale ochreous lines on a black
ground, its base resting on third fascia a little above middle, and
its apex covering the whole length of sixth ; the triangular
space between this patch and inner margin is jet-black, cut by
an irregular longitudinal golden-ochreous line ; the fourth and
fifth fasciae are visible only as two transverse violet-silvery bars
on this black space, and the corresponding whitish costal spots ;
a white spot on costa just before apex, sending a violet-silvery
line to above middle of hind-margin ; cilia whitish, greyer
towards anal angle, dark fuscous-grey at apex, basal half clothed
with dense golden-bronze scales, except where a white indentation
meets the sub-apical silvery line. Hind-wings and cilia dark
fuscous.

This handsome species is the largest of the genus, and may
be known from all others by its fan-shaped patch of ochreous
lines on a black ground, spreading like the tail of a comet.
Common at Melbourne, frequenting rushes ; also taken at
Blackheath, on the Blue Mountains (3,600 feet), in November.

Glyph, iometalla, n. sp.

^ ^ . 3"- 3^". Head and thorax deep bronzy-fuscous. Palpi
whitish at base, second joint with two whorls of black white-
tipped scales, terminal joint clothed except apex with a whorl
of black white-tipped scales. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen
shining dark grey, beneath silvery. Legs dark fuscous-grey, all

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 233

tarsi with slender white rings at apex of joints ; posterior tibiae
with white central and apical bands, posterior tarsi with two
apical joints wholly white. Fore-wings short, posteriorly dilated,
hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark golden-bronze, with
transverse golden-ochreous strigulse ; a white transverse rather
inwardly oblique oblong spot on inner margin near base, reaching
to middle ; a silvery- white violet-tinged perpendicular streak
from costa at ^, reaching to middle; a straight silvery-white
violet-tinged fascia from just before middle of costa to inner
margin at f , expanded and more snow-white on inner margin ;
a rather large black patch on anal angle and lower half of hind-
margin, containing five or six golden-metallic spots, its base not
touching fascia, its upper edge margined by a straight whitish-
ochreous line, above the posterior part of which are three other
whitish-ochreous longitudinal lines, sej)arated by blackish spaces ;
a silvery-white violet-tinged streak from costa to upper anterior
angle of the black patch; two parallel oblique silvery- white
violet-tinged streaks from costa a little before apex to hind-margin
above middle, becoming white on costal cilia : cilia white,
becoming dark grey at apex and anal angle, basal half separated
by a dark grey line and clothed with bronzy scales, except where a
white indentation meets the anterior sub-apical streak. Hind-
wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

This species has a strong superficial resemblance to Apist.
a/rgyrosema, but apart from structural differences it is smaller,
and has only a costal streak corresponding to what in A.
argyrosema is a second complete fascia. It is allied to the
succeeding species G. trisele7ia, but is smaller, broader-winged,
darker, and the black patch is broader and contains usually six
metallic spots instead of four. Tolerably common at Brisbane
in September, flying towards sunset in dry grassy places amongst
thin gum scrub ; from its small size it is rather difiicult to see.
2 D

234 DESCRIPTIONS OF ArSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Gljrpli. triselena, n. s^).

^ , 4i". Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi white at
base, second joint with two flattened whorls of black white-tipped
scales, terminal joint black with two white rings. Antennae
dark fuscous. Abdomen very long, whitish-ochreous. Legs
whitish-ochreous, anterior tarsi with obsolete fuscous bands at
base of joints. Eore-wings elongate, narrowed posteriorly,
hind-margin slightly indented below apex ; pale golden-bronze ;
an obscure transverse whitish spot on inner margin near base ;
three silvery-white, obscurely dark-margined transverse fasciae ;
first from ^ of costa obliquely outwards, angulated in middle, to
inner margin before middle ; second and third straight, parallel,
nearly perpendicular to costa, before and beyond middle ; from
third below middle proceeds a rather narrow longitudinal black
band, bent downwards to anal angle, thence continued along
lower half of hind-margin, containing four golden-metallic spots
in a row; the space between this and costa is filled by six
longitudinal ochreous-whitish lines, partially confluent or
separated by narrow black interspaces; two oblique nearly
parallel silvery- white sub-apical streaks from costa immediately
before apex to hind-margin above middle, becoming white in the
grey costal cilia ; some dark, metallic-grey scales at apex, cilia
whitish, basal third within a fuscous line clothed with pale
golden-bronze scales, except where a white indentation meets
anterior sub-apical line. Hind-wings pale grey, cilia whitish-
grey.

Nearest to G. iometalla and A. argyrosema, but differing from
both in the peculiarly narrowed fore-wings, the much paler
colouring, three complete fascise, and narrow black patch
containing four metallic spots in a straight line. Two males
taken in January on the bare dry grassy volcanic hills near
Christchurch, New Zealand.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 235

Glyph, asteriella, n, sp.
$ . 6". Head and tliorax dark bronzy fuscous. Palpi
wliitisli-oclireous at base, second joint with, two flattened wliorls
of black wbitisb-oclireous-tipped scales, terminal joint black
with two white rings. Antennce dark fuscous. Abdomen
blackish-fuscous, x^osteriorly with silvery-white rings, anal
extremity ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior
tibise with slender central and apical whitish rings, all tarsi with
slender whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings elongate,
rather broad, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; deep bronze,
all markings obscurely dark-margined ; a clear white irregularly^
margined transverse fascia close to base, hardly touching costa
broadest in middle ; an obKque silvery-metallic streak from costa
at \, meeting a clear white rectangular spot on middle of inner
margin ; a silvery-metallic transverse spot on middle of costa,
and a similar s^^ot slightly beyond it on disc ; a silvery-metallic
costal streak at f , bent obliquely inwards, reaching middle, from
the extremity of which proceeds a bent longitudinal rather
slender black streak to hind-margin above anal angle ; above
this streak are four short black longitudinal streaks on disc, and
below it are two roundish confluent black spots on anal angle ;
an outwardly oblique silvery-metallic streak from inner margin
before anal angle, cutting the first two black streaks ; two
silvery-metallic parallel sub-apical streaks from costa, becoming
white in costal cilia, the anterior nearly meeting a curved silvery-
metallic streak from anal angle along lower half of hind-margin,
the posterior going to hind-margin below apex ; cilia whitish,
dark fuscous on costa, apex, and anal angle, basal half separated
by a dark fuscous line and clothed with deep bronze scales,
except where a white indentation meets the j)osterior sub-apical
streak. Hind- wings somewhat trapezoidal, dark fuscous ; cilia
dark fuscous.

A handsome species, conspicuously distinct from its nearest
allies through the white fascia close to base. One female taken

236 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

amongst tlie dense luxuriant forest clothing the steep slopes of a
mountain overlooking Kangaroo Valley, near Shoalliaven, 1,500
feet above the sea, in January.

Glyi^h. euastera, n. sj).

^ 5 . 3^"-3i". Head, antennce, and thorax dark fuscous.
Palpi whitish at base, second joint with two whorls of dark
fuscous white-tipped scales, terminal joint black with two
white rings. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, beneath silvery-whitish.
Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior tibiae with white central
and apical rings, all tarsi with white rings at apex of joints.
Fore- wings elongate, very slightly dilated, hind-margin indented
beneath apex ; basal and apical thirds dark fuscous, densely
strewn with whitish scales, central third bronzy-ferruginous,
more or less broadly suffused with dark fuscous on costa and
inner margin; a white oblique costal streak at |, reaching
middle, ending in a leaden-metallic spot; an indistinct white
spot on inner margin near base ; two outwardly curved steel-blue
metallic fasciae ending in white spots on both margins, first
hardly before, second beyond middle ; beyond these are three
white spots on costa, the first two giving rise to obsolete metallic
streaks, the last sub-apical, sending a steel-blue metaUic streak
to hind-margin below apex; a blackish spot on apex; cilia
whitish, fuscous-grey at apex and anal angle, basal half
separated by a strong dark fuscous line, and clothed towards
base with ferruginous scales, except where a wedge-shaped
dark-margined white indentation meets the sub-apical streak.
Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Distinct from all others in the Australian region through the
absence of both the black discal streak and the apical hook, as
well as by the contrast of the central ferruginous third with the
rest of the fore-wings, and the steel-blue markings. Five
specimens taken on the dry grassy volcanic hills, near Christ-
church, New Zealand, in January.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 237

Glyph, sabella, Neiom., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., N.S. III., 299.

" Fore-wings shining brassy-black, with, yellowish scales
towards apex ; four narrow fasciae from costa, reaching to centre
of wing, silvery white ; close to apex two triangular white costal
spots ; from inner margin rise less distinct f ascise, almost meeting
those from costa ; a silvery mark in anal angle ; cilia pale brown,
a black hook at apex. Hind- wings smoky brown, cilia
concolorous. Exp. al. 5^".

Allied to G. thrasonella, but costal fasciae more perpendicular.
Two specimens from Mount Alexander Eange, Victoria."

The above description is Newman's original one as written ;
it is palpably insufficient and inaccurate, but appears to denote
an insect very different from any Australian species known
to me.

Glyph, meteora, 7i. sp.

(^ ? . 4"-4f". Head and thorax dark bronzy-fuscous. Palpi
whitish at base, second joint with two oblique whorls of black
white-tipped scales, terminal joint clothed with two rough whorls
of black white-tipped scales, apex black. Antennae dark fuscous.
Abdomen blackish fuscous, beneath with silvery-white rings,
apex white. Legs fuscous, middle and posterior tibiae black
with white central and apical rings, all tarsi black with white
rings at apex of joints, posterior tarsi with two apical joints wholly
white. Eore-wings moderately dilated, hind-margin indented
beneath apex ; dark bronzy-fuscous ; a broad conspicuous white
transverse fascia near base, attenuated on costa ; a rather large
white transverse spot on inner margin rather beyond middle,
dilated in middle, reaching half across wing, its apex silvery-
metallic; a short oblique silvery -metallic streak from costa
rather before middle, nearly meeting the dorsal spot ; two other
oblique silvery-metallic costal streaks at | and f, reaching
middle; an oblique silvery-metallic streak from inner margin
just before anal angle, its apex resting between extremities of

238 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

these two costal streaks ; a few irregular silvery-metallic scales
on hind-margin above anal angle ; two very short silvery-metallic
streaks from costa immediately before apex, white in costal cilia,
not ]produced to hind-margin, apex of posterior streak ending in
the roundish black apical spot, immediately beneath which is a
small golden-metallic spot on hind-margin ; cilia white with a
strong black apical hook, basal half separated by a blackish
line and clothed with bronzy scales, except where a white
blackish-margined indentation meets the golden-metallic hind-
marginal spot. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Nearest to G. chrysoplanetis, but distinguished from it and all
the other species with black apical hook by the broad white
transverse fascia near base, preceding the central white dorsal
spot. It appears to be a mountain species, occurring amongst
the rich forest-growth on the ascent of the Bulli Pass, and also
on the Liverpool Ranges near Murrurundi, in October.

Glyph, chrysoplanetis, n. sj).
^ $ . 4"-4^". Head and antennae dark fuscous. Palpi
yellowish at base, second joint with two whorls of dark fuscous
broadly yellowish-tipped scales, terminal joint dark fuscous with
two yellowish bands. Thorax dark fuscous, with a small yellowish
spot on posterior margin. Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath with
yellowish bands, apex yellowish. Legs dark fuscous, all tibise
with oblique yellowish basal, central, and apical bands, tarsi
with apex of all joints yellowish. Fore- wings strongly dilated,
hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark fuscous, almost
blackish ; two rather large yellow spots on inner margin, first
near base, subquadrate, reaching f across wing, second beyond
middle, rounded- triangular, reaching haK-way across wing;
seven short oblique streaks from costa ; fii^st at ^, second before
middle, both yellow ; third and fourth steely-metallic, violet-
tinged, starting from small yellowish costal sjDots, third reaching
middle of wing, fourth very short ; fifth very short, yellowish,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 239

apex steely-metallic ; sixth and seventh, close before apex, short,
yellow ; eight small roundish steely-metallic violet-tinged spots,
first just beyond middle of disc, second between first and anal
angle, third and fourth beneath extremities of third and fourth
costal streaks, fifth on anal angle (these last three are in a
straight line), sixth, seventh, and eighth on hind-margin, eighth
being just below apex of seventh costal streak ; cilia yellowish,
with a strong black apical hook, basal half separated by a
blackish line and clothed with dark fuscous scales, except where
a yellowish black-margined indentation meets the eighth spot on
hind-margin. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.

Instantly recognisable from all others by the two conspicuous
yellow dorsal spots. A handsome and common species, appearing
in October and again much more plentifully in March ; it occurs
freely on dry grassy banks round Sydney and Parramatta, and
also at Melbourne ; specimens from the latter place appear
somewhat larger ; it flies readily in the afternoon towards sunset.

Glyph, leucocerastes, n. sjp.

$. 4". Head, thorax, and antennae dark bronzy-fuscous.
Palpi white at base, second joint with two obKque whorls of
black ochreous-whitish-tipped scales, terminal joint black with
two ochreous-whitish rings. Abdomen dark fuscous, apex white.
Legs dark fuscous, anterior and middle tarsi with slender whitish
rings at apex of joints, middle tibiae with very oblique slender
white central and apical rings ; posterior tibiae with slender white
central and apical bands, posterior tarsi with first joint white at
base, two apical joints wholly white. Fore-wings moderately
dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark fuscous, almost
blackish ; two conspicuous clear white semilunate spots on inner
margin, first near base, second hardly beyond middle, each
reaching half across wing, their apices curved towards apex of
wing, that of second attenuated ; six slender oblique white
streaks from costa ; first at \ ; second before middle, very

240 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

oblique, becoming obsolete before reaching middle of wing ;
third reaching half across wing, its lower portion steely-metallic ;
fourth short ; fifth and sixth acutely wedge-shaxDed, close before
apex, very short; a short oblique steely-metallic streak from
anal angle, forming a white spot in cilia ; between its apex and
that of third costal streak is a steely-metallic spot on disc ; a
steely-metallic line along lower half of hind-margin, and some
scattered steely-metallic scales on disc towards apex ; cilia grey,
with a strong black, apical hook, basal half separated by a black
line and clothed with dark fuscous scales, except on a wedge-
shaped black-margined indentation beneath apex containing a
small whitish spot. Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous.

Closely allied to G. asteronota, but larger, and the third costal
streak does not unite with the streak from anal angle. Two males
taken on the dry grassy hill-slopes near Murrurundi, in
November.

Glyph, asteronota, n. sp.

^ $ . ^\". Head, thorax, and antennae dark fuscous. Palpi
whitish, with obsolete darker rings. (?) Abdomen dark fuscous,
apex whitish. Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior tibite
with whitish central and apical bands, all tarsi with broad
whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings somewhat dilated,
hind-margin rather strongly sinuate beneath apex; dark fuscous ;
two conspicuous clear white semilunate spots on inner margin,
reaching half across wing, first near base, second slightly beyond
middle, both outwardly oblique, their apices curved towards
apex of wing; six slender oblique white streaks from costa;
first at ^ ; second hardly before middle, not reaching half across
wing ; third uniting with a similar streak from anal angle to
form an outwardly curved transverse fascia ; fourth short ; fifth
and sixth small, wedge-shaped, close before apex ; some irregular
silvery-TV hite scales above anal angle beyond the transverse
fascia ; cilia grey (?), basal haK separated by a black line and

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 241

elotlied witli dark fuscous scales, except on a wedg-e-shaped
black-margined indentation a little below apex, containing a
wliitish spot. (?) Hind-wing'S and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Very similar to the j)receding; best distinguished by the
smaller size, and complete fascia formed by third costal and
anal streaks. Two specimens, in rather imperfect condition,
taken at Auckland, New Zealand, flying over damp grass on a
shady bank, in January.

Glyph, actinobola, n. sp.

($ . 3|-". Head and thorax deep bronze. Palpi white,
second joint with two oblique whorls of blackish broadly white-
tipped scales, terminal joint black with two oblique white bands.
Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, beneath
snow-white, apex white. Legs dark fuscous, middle and
posterior tibiae with white central and apical bands, all tarsi
with slender white rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings narrow,
somewhat dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dark
bronze, with one dorsal and six costal slender white dark-
margined streaks ; dorsal streak slightly beyond middle, obliquely
curved towards apex of wing, Lardly reaching ^ across wing,
tending to be produced along inner margin towards base ; first
costal streak beyond ^, very oblique ; second in middle, rather
less oblique, not reaching half across wing, apex silvery -metallic ;
third before f, less oblique, ending in a violet-silvery metallic
spot on disc ; between second and third is sometimes an
additional small white spot on costa; fourth, fifth, and sixth
acutely wedge-shaped, small, hardly oblicj[ue, close together
before apex ; a violet-silv ery metallic outwardly oblique streak
from anal angle, ending in a spot between extremities of second
and third costal streaks ; an obscure violet-silvery metallic spot
on hind-margin below middle ; cilia white on tips, with a black
hook at aj)ex, basal f separated by a blackish line and dark
fuscous-grey, except a white dark-margined wedge-shaped

242 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

indentation below apex, meeting a few silvery scales on hind-
margin. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Belonging to the group of G. fischeriella, G. schoenicolella, and
the allied species, but distinguished from them aU by the
presence of an additional costal streak, nearer to the base than
the dorsal streak ; its nearest allies in Australia are the two
following, which however do not possess the dorsal streak from
middle of inner margin at all. Three ^ 's, taken at Sydney and
Parramatta in dry places amongst low-growing Carex, in
October and November.

Glyph, palseomorpha, n. sp.

^ $ . 3i"-3f ". Head and thorax deep bronze. Palpi bronzy
at base, second joint with two whorls of black white- tipped
scales, terminal joint black with two oblique white bands.
Antennfe dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous, in $ elongate,
in (^ whitish at apex. Legs obscure fuscous, tarsi with slender
whitish rings at apex of joints. Fore-wings narrow, somewhat
dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; rather dark bronze,
with five costal silvery- white streaks, and one dorsal silvery-
metallic ; first costal in middle, oblique, reaching haK across
wing; second before f, equally oblique, becoming silvery-
metallic at apex, uniting with the outwardly oblique silvery-
metallic dorsal streak from just before anal angle to form an
angulated transverse fascia ; third, fourth, and fifth, short, close
together before apex ; an elongate silvery-metallic spot on hind-
margin below middle ; a round black apical spot, beneath which
are some silvery-metallic scales ; cilia whitish, dark fuscous at
anal angle, and with a black apical hook, basal half separated
by a black line and dark fuscous, except a wedge-shaped white
indentation below apex, whence proceeds a strong black sub-
apical hook. Hind-winds and cilia dark fuscous.

Distinguished from the group of G. fischeriella, to which it
approximates, by the absence of the dorsal streak from middle

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 243

of inner margin, in which and other respects it is closely allied
to G. iochecera, but differs in the dark bronzy ground colour, and
the clearer and more silvery streaks. Three specimens taken at
Brisbane, and on damp goound on the forest-clad ascent of the
BuUi Pass, at rest on the heads of a species of J uncus, in
September and October.

Glyph, iochecera, n. sp.

^ $ . 4"-4f". Head and thorax dark bronzy-grey. Palpi
whitish at base, second joint with two appressed whorls of fuscous
whitish-tipped scales, terminal joint dark fuscous with two
white rings. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen elongate, dark
fuscous. Legs ochreous-grey, tarsal joints basally slightly
suffused with darker. Fore-wings narrow, hardly dilated,
hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ; dull grey, slightly tinged
with bronze ; one dorsal and five costal slender rather obscure
white streaks, anteriorly margined with dark fuscous-grey ; first
costal in middle, second from before f , both very oblique, not
reaching half across wing ; dorsal from just before anal angle,
very oblique, apex almost reaching extremity of second costal ;
third, fourth, and fifth costal streaks acutely wedge-shaped,
short, almost wholly on costal cilia ; a silvery -white metallic spot
on middle of hind-margin ; a clear round black apical spot ;
cilia whitish, towards anal angle dark fuscous-grey, with a strong
sharp black apical hook, and with basal half separated by a
black line and dark fuscous-gre^^, except on a whitish wedge-
shaped indentation below apex, whence proceeds a sharp black
sub-apical hook. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

Closely allied to the preceding species, but rather larger and
narrower-winged, ground colour grey only slightly tinged with
bronzy, costal and dorsal streaks not silvery. Four specimens
taken on rushes (Jimcus) in swampy places in Januaxy, at
Dunedin and Christchurch, New Zealand.

244 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Glyph, acrotliecta, n. S2).
^. 4^"-5". Head and thorax dark bronzy-grey. Palpi
white at base, second joint with two short oblique whorls of
black white-tipped scales, terminal joint black with two oblique
white rings and white above towards apex. Antennee dark
fuscous. Abdomen elongate, blackish-grey with white rings,
apex white. Legs dark fuscous, posterior and middle tibiae with
white central and apical bands, tarsi with obsolete whitish rings
at apex of joints, posterior tarsi with a clear white ring at apex
of basal joint, and two apical joints wholly white. Fore-wings
narrow, elongate, not dilated, hind-margin sinuate beneath apex ;
dull pale grey, suffused with brownish on disc and inner margin ;
six rather obscure white, anteriorly blackish-margined, oblique
costal streaks ; first at i, reaching to middle, partially black-
margined ]30steriorly as well ; second in middle, not reaching
half across w ing ; third to sixth short, mostly on costal cilia,
each silvery-metallic at apex ; a black oblique streak from middle
of inner margin, leading to an obscure whitish anteriorly black-
margined spot below apex of first costal streak ; a faint whitish
spot on anal angle, i^receded by a short curved black streak ;
two silvery-metallic spots on disc, beneath extremities of second
and third costal streaks, sometimes united with them ; a rather
large conical silver^'-metallic black-margined spot on hind-margin
below middle ; a -small silvery-metallic black-margined spot on
hind-margin below apex; cilia whitish, with a sharp black
apical hook, fuscous-grey towards anal angle, basal half separated
by a black line and fuscous-grey, except where a whitish black-
margined indentation meets the small silvery-metallic sub-apical
spot. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous-gre}^

Not nearly allied to any described species ; the markings have
a peculiar confused appearance ; the black dorsal streak from
centre of inner margin is caused by the suffusion and
disappearance of the accompanying white streak. Six ^'s

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 245

taken on the dry grassy volcanic hills near Cliristcliurcli, New
Zealand, in January.

Glyph, astrapeea, 7i. sp.

(^ . 5^". Head and thorax brilliant metallic coppery bronze,
face dark fuscus. Palpi with second joint clothed with three
whorls of black very narrowly white- tipped scales, terminal
joint black with an obKque white lateral line. Antennae dark
fuscous. Abdomen blackish-fuscous, apex ochreous-white. Legs
dark bronzy-fuscous, middle and posterior tibiae with obscure
slender whitish central and apical rings, tarsi with obscui-e white
rings at apex of joints, two apical joints of posterior tarsi wholly
white. Fore-wings moderately broad, somewhat dilated, hind-
margin sinuate below apex ; brilliant metallic coppery-bronze,
with violet-silvery metallic obscurely dark-margined markings ;
a short oblique streak from costa before middle; a rather
irregular outwardly curved fascia from beyond middle of costa
to anal angle ; a rather short oblique streak from f of costa,
opposite extremity of which is a triangular spot on hind-margin
below middle ; two small spots on costa before apex, second
produced as a curved streak to hind-margin below apex ; cilia
whitish towards apex, blackish-fuscous towards anal angle, with
a black apical hook, and intersected by a strong black line,
obliterated at anal angle and where a white black-margined
indentation meets the sub-apical streak. Hind-wings and cilia
blackish-fuscous.

This and the succeeding species are very handsome insects,
not coming very near any others, but very closely allied together ;
G. astrapcea is distinguished by the total absence of the
longitudinal streak from base, and by the complete fascia beyond
middle ; in other respects it is extremely similar. One (^ taken
flying in the sun in a grassy swamp near Cambridge, New
Zealand, in January.

246 DESCRIPTIONS OF AXTSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Glyph, transversella, TTIcr., Brit. Mus. Cat., 849 (ArgyrestHa).
(^ $ . 5^''-6'\ Head and thorax brilliant metallic-bronze,
face dark fuscous. Palpi yellowish at base, second joint with
three whorls of black white-tipped scales, terminal joint black
with a white lateral line. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen
in (^ dark bronzy-fuscous, beneath silvery-white, in $ blackish,
apex whitish. Legs dark bronzy-fuscous, tarsi with whitish
rings at apex of joints, posterior tibiae with white central and
apical rings, posterior tarsi with two apical joints wholly white.
Fore-wings moderately broad, somewhat dilated, hind-margin
sinuate below apex ; brilliant metallic coppery-bronze, with
golden-silvery metallic obscurely dark-margined markings ; an
indistinct paler bronzj^-yellowish central longitudinal streak from
base to beyond middle, broadest posteriorly, attenuated at base ;
a short oblique streak from costa before middle; an oblique
streak from costa beyond middle, and a rather oblique streak
from anal angle, which are not united, apex of dorsal streak
lying beyond apex of costal ; a rather short oblique streak from
f of costa, opposite the extremity of which is a triangular spot
on hind-margin below middle ; two small spots on costa before
apex, second produced as a curved streak to hind-margin below
apex; cilia whitish towards apex, dark fuscous towards anal
angle, with a black apical hook, basal half, except towards anal
angle, sex^arated by a black line and clothed with bronzy scales,
except where a white black-margined indentation meets the sub-
apical streak. Hind-wings and cilia blackish-fuscous.

Very nearly allied to G. astrapcea, but slightly less brilliant,
and characterised by the paler central streak from base, and the
costal and dorsal streaks beyond middle not being united into a
fascia. Eight specimens taken flying gently in the shade over a
damp grassy sheltered bank near Auckland, New Zealand, in
January.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 247

Apistomorpha, n. g.

Head smooth. ; witli ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae much,
shorter than fore-wings, slender, filiform. No maxillary palpi.
Labial palpi rather short, thick, arched; second joint beneath
with a loose rather long tuft of projecting hairs, terminal joint
loosely scaled, slender, pointed. Fore-wings elongate, hind-
margin oblique, sinuate beneath apex, apex rounded, produced.
Hind-wings ovate-lanceolate, rather pointed, narrower than
fore- wings, cilia as broad as hind- wings. Abdomen rather
elongate. Legs rather short, smoothly scaled. Fore-wings
with 12 veins; secondary cell indicated ; 7 and 8 stalked, one
to each side of apex ; 1 very shortly furcate at base. Hind-
wings with 8 veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

Closely allied to Glyphiptet^yx, and in superficial appearance
extremely similar, but characterised clearly by the stalking of
veins 7 and 8 of forewings, and the tuft on second joint of
palpi; in the latter character it resembles Fhrijganostola, but
differs in the venation.

The habits of the imago are similar to those of Glyphipteryx ;
it has the same motion of fanning its wings when at rest. The
larva is yet unknown.

Apist. ai-gyrosema, n. sp.

(^ $ . 3|"-4|^". Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi white
at base, second joint with two whorls of black white-tipped
scales, produced beneath to form a rough tuft of black and white
hairs ; terminal joint black, clothed except extreme apex with
two whorls of black white-tipped hairs. Antennae dark fuscous.
Abdomen dark fuscous, with silvery-whiti?h rings. Legs dark
fuscous, all tarsi with slender white rings at apex of joints,
posterior tibise with white central and apical bands, posterior
tarsi with two apical joints wholly white. Fore- wings rather
short, rather narrow, hind-margin distinctly sinuate ; dark

248 DESCEIPTIONS OF AUSTEALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

golden-bronze, with, transverse golden-ochreoiis strigiilae ; a
white transverse spot on inner margin near base ; a straight
silvery-metallic streak from costa before ^, reaching to fold ; two
straight parallel silvery-metallic transverse fasciae, first from
middle of costa, second from f to anal angle, sometimes shortly
interrupted below middle ; two small silvery-metallic spots on
costa at f , and a little before apex, becoming white in costal
cilia ; beneath the anterior one is a small discal silvery spot ; a
sub-apical silvery-metallic streak from costa to hind-margin a
little below apex ; a triangular black patch on hind-margin
above anal angle; its base resting on lower part of second
fascia, its apex on middle of hind-margin, containing five or six
irregular golden-metallic spots ; above this patch are sometimes
one or two longitudinal black lines on disc ; cilia whitish, grey
at apex and anal angle, basal half separated by a dark fuscous
line and clothed with golden-ochreous scales, except where a
wbite indentation meets the sub-apical silvery streak. Hind-
wings and cilia dark fuscous.

A handsome species, bearing considerable resemblance in
markings to Glypli. iometalla and Glyph, triselena ; being
distinguished from the former by its larger size and the second
complete fascia, from the latter by its darker colouring and
broader irregularly-spotted anal patch. Eather common,
occurring round Sydney and Parramatta, and at Bowenfels and
Tarana on the Blue Mountains, about 2,500 feet above the sea ;
it flies in the sunshine towards sunset over dry grassy banks, in
September, November, and from January to March, so that
there is probably a succession of broods.

Phryganostola, n. g.

Head smooth ; with ocelli ; tongue moderate. Antennae about
half as long as fore-wings, filiform, in ^ very shortly ciliated.
No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi rather short, thick, arched ;
second joint clothed with long loose projecting hairs beneath,

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 249

forming a broad tuft ; terminal joint short, acute. Fore-'wings
elongate, variable in breadth, apex produced, hind-margin
indented, very oblique. Hind-wings lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, narrower than fore-wings, pointed, cilia about as
broad. Abdomen elongate, slender. Legs moderate, smoothly-
scaled. Fore- wings with 1 2 separate veins ; secondary cell
indicated; 1 simple or furcate at base. Hind- wings with 8
veins ; 3 and 4 from posterior angle of cell.

Nearly allied to Glyphipteryx, but differing in the long tuft
on second joint of palpi ; from Apistomorpha it is distinguished
by veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings not being stalked. The fore-
wings and abdomen are mostly more elongate than in either of
these genera. The imagos have the same habit of fanning
themselves when at rest, but frequent the shade rather than the
sunshine, and are less brilliantly marked. The larvee are at
present unknown. The four species described here may be
known from one another by the following characteristics : —

1. Fore-wings with scattered silvery-metallic

spots . . . . . . . . drosophaes

2. Fore- wings with central longitudinal white

streak from base . . . . . . euthybelemna

3. Fore-wings with white streak from base

along inner margin . . . . oxymachsera

4. Fore- wings unicolorous pale grey . . achlyoessa

Phryg. drosophaes, w. sp.

^ . 6". Head and thorax dull bronzy-grey. Palpi ochreous-
white at base, second joint with a long rough tuft of mixed
black and white hairs, terminal joint slender, black, with two
white rings. Antennae dark fuscous. Abdomen dark fuscous,
apex whitish. Legs dark fuscous, tarsi with white rings at
apex of joints, posterior tibiae dull grey, apex white. Fore-
wings rather broad, dilated, dull fuscous-grey, with fine
2 F

250 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

transverse ochreous strigulse, and silvery-metallic coarsely black-
margined markings; five short rather oblique costal streaks,
first before, second beyond middle; a spot on inner margin
beyond middle, and a short rather oblique streak from anal
angle ; three spots on hind-margin, respectively below middle, in
middle, and below apex ; five spots on disc, first two forming a
curve with second costal and first dorsal streak, second two
forming a parallel curve with third costal and streak from anal
angle, fifth beneath apex of fourth costal streak ; a. small silvery-
metallic spot in apex ; cilia whitish, with a black apical hook,
basal half separated by a black line, and dark purple-fuscous,
except where a white black-margined indentation meets the
sub-apical silvery spot. Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous-grey.

This is the broadest winged species of the genus. It appears
to be a shade-loving insect; two c^'s taken in a deep gully
beneath damp overhanging rocks near Parramatta, in October.

Phryg. euthybelemna, n. 8p.

$ . 5^". Head and thorax light bronzy grey. Palpi pale
ochreous, second joint beneath with a rather long rough projecting
fringe of white hairs. Antennse dark fuscous. Abdomen
ochreous-grey, apex whitish-ochreous. Legs fuscous-grey, tarsi
with whitish rings at apex of joints, posterior tibiae with
whitish central and apical rings. Fore-wings moderate, slightly
dilated, pale ochreous-bronze, with pure white fuscous-margined
markings ; a rather broad central longitudinal streak from base
to f ; a small spot on costa about \, slenderly produced along
costa towards base ; a short oblique streak from costa before
middle, followed by a small obscure costal s^^ot ; a longer oblique
streak from middle of costa, and a rather oblique streak from
anal angle, their extremities meeting in a silvery-metallic spot
on apex of basal streak; the apical half of costa filled with
seven short rather oblique white streaks, separated only by their
dark fuscous margins ; an irregular silvery-metallic streak along

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 251

lower part of hind-margin, black-margined anteriorlj^ ; apex
blackisli, with some silvery -white scales ; cilia white, with a
blackish apical hook, towards anal angle fuscous-grey, basal
half separated by a black line and fuscous-grey, except where a
white black-margined indentation meets hind-margin below
apex. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia rather paler.

An elegantly-marked species, conspicuous through the central
basal streak. Several ^'s taken by Mr. G. H. Eaynor at
Melbourne, and also al Brighton in Tasmania, in January.

Phrj^g. oxymachaera, n. sj).

^ ? . 4|-"-5f". Head whitish. Thorax whitish, sometimes
suffused with fuscous. Palpi white, second joint with two
fuscous-grey rings, beneath with a long loose projecting tuft of
white hairs, mixed with a few fuscous-grey. Antennae dark
fuscous. Abdomen very elongate, esjiecially in $ , varying from
pale ochreous to dark fuscous-grey ; with whitish rings. Legs
fuscous-grey or ochreous-grey, posterior tibiae white at apex, all
tarsi fuscous or dark fuscous with white rings at apex of joints.
Pore-wings elongate, narrow, hardly dilated, dull fuscous,
sometimes suffused with whitish along costa, with white dark-
margined markings ; a broad streak along inner margin from
base to beyond middle, thence attenuated and directed obliquely
upwards, ending on middle of disc at | from base ; eight rather
short oblique costal streaks, none reaching half across wing,
first at i, xDroduced along costa towards base, all sometimes
rendered obsolete by a general white suffusion of the costa ; a
rather short oblique streak from anal angle, ending in a bright
silvery-metallic spot on disc; a small silvery-metallic spot on
hind-margin below middle ; cilia white, with a black apical hook,
and intersected by a strong black line, except where a white
black-margined indentation meets hind-margin beneath apex.
Hind- wings fuscous-grey, cilia whitish.

252 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Bemarkable from its lanceolate wings and very elongate
abdomen ; it varies rather considerably in depth, of colouring.
Six specimens taken on the dry grassy volcanic hills near
Christchurch, New Zealand, in January.

Phryg. achlyoessa, w. sp.

^. by. Head and thorax whitish-grey. Palpi whitish-
grey, mixed with dark fuscous, second joint beneath with a long
loose prejecting fringe of hairs. Antennae dark fuscous.
Abdomen elongate, dark fuscous. Legs pale ochreous-grey.
Fore-wings elongate, narrow, hind-margin strongly sinuate below
apex; pale whitish-grey, faintly strigulated transversely with
darker; a few solitary black scales, tending to be arranged
longitudinally on fold and lower median vein ; cilia whitish, with
an obscure dark fuscous apical hook, basal f separated by a
blackish line and dark smoky-grey. Hind-wings and cilia
fuscous-grey.

An inconspicuous narrow-winged almost unicolorous species.
One ^ taken flying at dusk on a bare grassy hill near
Wellington, New Zealand, in January.

ERECHTHIAD^.
I have at present five genera of this family, which may be
thus tabulated : —

A. Face smooth Hippiocha3tes

B. Pace rough-haired.

I. Fore-wings with 12 veins . . . . Eschatotypa

II. Fore-wings with 11 veins.

a. Veins 6 and 7 of fore-wings stalked Ereunetis
I. Yeins 6 and 7 of fore-wings separate.

1. Veins 5 & 6 of hind-wings stalked Erechthias

2. Veins 5 & 6 of hind-wings separate Comodica

BY E. MEYEICK, B.A. 253

HippiocH^TES, n. g.

Head roughly tufted above, face smooth. ; ocelli (?) ; no tongue.
Antennae shorter than forewings, in ^ thickened, finely ciliated.
Maxillary palpi rather short, folded. Labial palpi short, slender,
drooping. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, hind-margin
very obliquely rounded. Hind-wings lanceolate, narrower than
fore-wings, cilia nearly twice as broad. Abdomen moderate.
Legs rather short, slender, posterior tibi?e and first joint of tarsi
clothed beneath with rather long dense hairs. Fore-wings with
(apparently) 1 1 separate veins. Hind-wings with 8 veins ; 5
and 6 stalked ; one to each side of apex.

This genus, containing at present only a single species, is very
remarkable, affording a clear connecting link between the
Ghjljhipterygidce and JErecJitliiadcc. It differs from the rest of the
Erechthiadce in the smooth face, and in superficial marking, and
I have not been able to properly examine the neuration of the
single specimen ; but the roughly-tufted crown prevents its
association with the Glypluiyicnjgidm, and its reference to the
Erechthiadce is clearly determined by the absence of a tongue,
the development of the maxillary palpi, and the short drooj)ing
labial palpi, as well as by what can be made out of the neuration.
Its habits are at present unknown.

Hipp, chrysaspis, n. sp.

^ . 3|". Head dark ochreous mixed with fuscous on crown,
face dark fuscous mixed with ferruginous. Palpi pale whitish-
grey. Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen blackish-
fuscous. Legs black above, shining ochreous-white beneath.
Fore-wings blackish-fuscous ; a large acute-triangular yellow
oblique spot on inner margin at base, its base extending from
middle of base of wing to i of inner margin and including a
roundish black spot, its apex resting on disc just before middle ;
a rather smaller oblique triangular yellow spot on inner margin
before anal angle, bisected by a blackish line from its apex to

254 DESCEIPTIOXS OF AUSTRALI.iX MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA,

its base, its base broad, its apex reaehing half across wing
beyond middle of disc, its anterior side parallel to tbe posterior
side of first spot ; a very oblique white streak from middle of
costa to above apex of second dorsal spot ; a second mucli less
oblique white streak from costa before |, reaching f across wing ;
between its apex and that of second dorsal spot is a silvery-
metallic spot near hind-margin ; an oblique white sub-apical
streak from costa ; a silvery-metallic line along lower part of
hind-margin ; cilia white at tips, basal f dark fuscous-grey,
round apex (apparently) silvery-white with a black intersecting
line. Hind-wings and cilia dark fuscous.

This is a beautiful and singular insect, not closely resembling
any other known. I have but one specimen, of which the apical
cilia are a little injured, but otherwise very perfect ; taken at
rest on a fence in Sydney, in November.

CoMODiCA, n. g.

Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennte shorter than fore-wings, in ^ thickened,
basal j oint large, broadly compressed. Maxillary palpi moderate,
folded. Labial palpi moderate, j)oi'i'ected, rather slender, with
appressed scales; terminal joint much shorter than second,
bluntly pointed. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow, tolerably
evenly pointed. Hind- wings lanceolate, hardly narrower than
fore-wings, apex rather produced, very acute, cilia rather broader.
Abdomen elongate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiee clothed with
long hairs. Fore-wings with 11 separate veins, sub-costal
obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 1 simple.
Hind-wings with 8 separate veins, sub-costal obsolete before
middle, 6 running to apex.

The genus is readily recognised by the neuration, especially
by the separation of veins 5 and 6 of hindwings, the sharp
rather produced apex of hind-wings, and the double apical hook
of fore-wings. In repose the imago sits closely appressed to

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 255

the surface,, the double apical hook on the fore-wings being
turned up, so as to present the semblance of four short erect
tails round the posterior extremity of the insect. I have only
one species, of which the larva is unknown.

Com. tetracercella, n. sp.

$ % . 4" b" . Head whitish-ochreous, with a blackish-fuscous
spot between antennee. Palpi whitish-ochreous. Antennae in
$ dark fuscous above, whitish-ochreous towards base, in ?
wholly whitish-ochreous. Thorax pale ochreous, with an
irregular blackish central spot. Abdomen dark ochreous-grey,
apex pale ochreous. Legs ochreous- whitish, anterior tibife
suffused with dark fuscous, middle tibiae with slender oblique
dark fuscous central and apical bands, all tarsi suffused with dark
fuscous at base of joints. Fore-wings ochreous-white or cream
colour, sometimes partially suffused with ochreous ; five oblique
streaks from costa and five from inner margin blackish, suffused
with ochreous, of variable intensity ; a minute blackish spot on
costa at base, sometimes obsolete, and a rather larger one on
inner margin at base ; first costal streak near base, generally
very short, sometimes suffusedly produced very obliquely to
apex of second ; second at \, sometimes broad, very oblicj[ue,
reaching half across wing ; third from middle of costa, broadest
of all, very oblique, not reaching half across wing ; fourth a
little beyond it, slender, bent at apex to meet extremity of third ;
fifth close before apex, very oblique, consisting of a few black
scales preceded by a rather broad ochreous streak ; first dorsal
streak oblique, close to base, reaching middle; second at i,
equally oblique, apex produced to meet extremity of second
costal ; third broad, in middle, fourth jvist beyond it, both often
confluent and blotch-like, reaching half across wing, where their
apices are often produced as slender longitudinal lines ; fifth
irregular, spot-like, on anal angle ; a strong black apical streak,
extending obliquely downwards from apex to disc below

256 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

extremities of third and fourth costal streaks ; cilia ockreous-
white, becoming grey at anal angle, containing a clear black
spot directly above apex, and another more obscure directly
below it, and with two straight thick black lines projecting from
apex, the one rather obliquely upwards, the other rather
obliquely downwards, beneath the lower of which the cilia are
excavated to base by a curved wedge-shaped indentation.
Hind- wings and cilia fuscous-grey.

The sharp erected apical hooks give this insect a singular
appearance in repose. It has a peculiar streaked and variegated
ornamentation, and does not nearly resemble any other. Common
at Sydney on fences from November to January ; also taken at
Brisbane in the open bush in Sej)tember.

ESCHATOTYPA, U. g.

Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, in ^ somewhat
thickened, basal joint slightly broader. Maxillary palpi long,
folded. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected ; second joint
with a few bristles above, and clothed beneath with short
projecting hairs, especially at apex ; terminal joint much shorter
than second, bluntly pointed, loosely scaled. Fore-wings
elongate, somewhat dilated, hind-margin very obliquely rounded.
Hind-wings ovate-lanceolate, rather narrower than fore-wings,
cilia narrower. Abdomen rather elongate. Legs moderate,
posterior tibiae smoothly scaled, beneath fringed with long hairs.
Fore-wings with 12 separate veins ; 5 branches to hind-margin ;
sub-costal obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 1
furcate at base. Hind-wings with 8 veins, sub-costal obsolete
before middle ; 5 and 6 stalked, 6 running to hind-margin.

This genus differs from all the rest of the family in possessing
12 veins (all separate) in the fqre-wings, and is proportionately
somewhat broader winged. In repose the apex of the fore-wings
is somewhat turned up, but not very conspicuously.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 257

Esch. melichrysa, n. 8p.

$ ? . 4"-6". Head snow-wMte. Palpi wliite, fringe of
second joint mixed with, dark fuscous-grey. Antennae wliitisli-
oclireous, basal joint white. Thorax white, irregularly suffused
on margins with greyish-ochreous. Abdomen dark ochreous-
grey. Legs pale greyish-ochreous, tarsi suffused with darker
grey at base of joints. Fore-wings white, with irregular and
partially suffused greyish-ochreous or yellow-ochreous markings ;
an oblique rather narrow dark-margined band from \ of costa,
meeting an obsolete similar band from \ of inner margin on
disc, to form an angulated fascia of which the lower half is
indistinct; before this are several irregular strigulae on costa
and inner margin ; a similar dark-margined angulated rather
broader fascia from f of costa to about f of inner margin, often
furcate on costa (in one specimen obsoletely double throughout),
most indistinct on disc ; between the two fasciae are faint greyish-
ochreous clouds on disc, and sometimes indistinct fuscous-grey
strigulse on costa ; apical portion of wing greyish-ochreous or
ochreous, separated from second fascia by a narrow white fascia,
and connected with it by an oblique greyish-ochreous dark-
margined irregular band below middle ; in the a^oical portion
are two small white irregular spots on costa close before apex, a
small blackish apical dot, white-margined above and below, a
small white black -margined spot on hind-margin beneath apex,
and some irregular confused white black-margined spots on
lower part of hind-margin and on disc ; all the markings are
variable in shape and intensity of colouring ; cilia yellowish-
ochreous, with a dark grey dividing line, and a white spot below
apex. Hind-wings and cilia pale slaty-grey.

A rather elegantly marked insect, but variable in size and
colouring ; my southern specimens are the largest and brightest.
Eather common at Wellington aijd Dunedin, New Zealand, in
December and January, beaten from forest growth ; its habits
are sluggish.
2 Qc

258 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Ereunetis, n, g.
Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with, ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennae shorter than forewings, in ^ somewhat
thickened, basal joint broadly compressed. Maxillary palpi
moderate, folded. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected,
second joint beneath with a more or less long and dense fringe
of hairs ; terminal joint shorter, bluntly pointed, sometimes
concealed in hairs of second joint. Fore-wings elongate, rather
narrow, tolerably evenly pointed. Hind-wings lanceolate, rather
narrower than fore-wings, cilia rather broader. Abdomen
elongate. Legs moderate, posterior tibiae beneath or entirely
clothed with long hairs. Fore-wings with 1 1 veins ; sub-costal
obsolete towards base ; secondary cell indicated ; 6 and 7 stalked,
both to costa ; 1 simple. Hind-wings with 8 or 7 veins (vein 7
being sometimes obsolete) ; sub-costal obsolete before middle ; 5
and 6 stalked, one to either side of apex.

Distinguished from all the other genera by the stalking of
veins 6 and 7 of foie-wings ; from Erechthias, to which it comes
nearest, also by vein 1 of fore-wings not being furcate at base.
In one species the hind-wings (? in (^ only) possess a peculiar
thickened patch of scales on disc near base, and in another a
transparent hyaline spot in the same place. The species are
rather retired and sluggish in habit ; the only larva known
appears to feed in the bark of trees. There are three species
known to me, distinguished as follows : —

A. Hind-wings with a transparent patch at

base . . . . . . . . . . 3. iuloptera

B. Hind- wings without a transparent patch

at base.

1. Fore-wings with faint ochreous-yellow

bands . . . . . . . . 1 . selenophanes

2. Fore-wings with dark fuscous and

ochreous markings . . . . 2. brontoctypa

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 259

Ereun. selenoplianes, n. sjj.

c^. 3|^"-4". Head snow-white. Aiitenna3 white, slenderly
annulated with dark fuscous, and with a broader blackish band
in middle, and four other black rings towards apex. Palpi
snow-white, second joint of labial palpi with a short fringe.
Thorax white, suffused with pale yellowish on sides. Abdomen
ochreous-grey, beneath whitish-ochreous. Legs ochreous-whitish,
tarsi suffused with darker grey at base of joints. Fore-wings
whitish, faintly suffused with ochreous-yellowish, and with three
rather darker faint ochreous-yellow transverse bands ; first band
near base, rather curved, margined on costa with two blackish
spots ; second at ^ ; irregular, angulated outwards above middle,
margined on costa with two very short blackish streaks ; third
much broader, from about f of costa very obliquely outwards
nearly to hind-margin, thence angulated very sharply and
continued more obscurely, and parallel to hind-margin, to inner
margin before anal angle, margined on costa with two very short
blackish streaks ; a longitudinal linear black apical spot ; a faint
grey line on hind-margin, becoming blackish round apex ; cilia
pale ochreous-yellow, with a cloudy whitish spot beneath apex.
Hind-wings and cilia rather pale fuscous-grey.

A faintly-marked species, most nearly resembling Ereum.
iuloptera, but smaller, without the transparent spot of hind-wings,
and the markings differently arranged. Four (^'s taken in the
dry barren scrub above the Bulli Pass, and also at Brisbane, in
September and October.

Ereun. brontoctypa, n. sp.

S • Sl"-3f'. Head and palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi dark fuscous beneath, with a short fringe. Antennse
swollen above basal joint, white, slenderly annulated with dark
fuscous, with three broader blackish bands towards apex, and
sometimes one above base. Thorax ochreous-whitish, anterior
margin dark fuscous. Abdomen dark grey. Legs ochreous-

260 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTBRA,

grey, tibiae darker grey. Fore-wings dull wMtish, with, ochreous
and dark fuscous markings ; a small oblique cloudy dark fuscous
blotch on costa before i, and a rather larger oblique dark
fuscous blotch from costa slightly before middle, reaching ^
across wing ; between second blotch and base the costa is
slenderly dark fuscous ; a much broader oblique dark blotch on
costa above f , suffusedly truncate and reaching only ^ across
wing ; two or three small irregular blackish-fuscous spots on
inner margin near base ; a cloudy dull ochreous streak along
fold, extending to anal angle where it is expanded into a cloudy
ochreous blotch, partially uniting with third costal blotch ; hind-
margin irregularly dark fuscous ; a small linear blackish apical
spot ; cilia whitish- ochreous, towards anal angle grey- whitish,
with a darker dividing line. Hind- wings and cilia rather pale
fuscous-grey, with a roundish black thickened spot of dense
scales (in (^ only ?) in disc close to base, visible on both surfaces,
on lower surface forming a raised hooked projection.

Distinguished from both its congeners by the cloudy dark
fuscous markings ; it has somewhat the superficial appearance
of a Buccidatrix. Three ^ 's ta]^en amongst dry scrub at Sydney
and Brisbane, in September, October, and April.

Ereun. iuloptera, n. sp.

S ? • 4"-5". Head and palpi white, labial palpi entirely
clothed with dense rough hairs, on sides mixed with ochreous-
fuscous. Antennae ochreous-whitish, slenderly annulated with
black. Thorax white, anteriorly suffused with ochreous.
Abdomen elongate, whitish-ochreous. Legs whitish- ochreous,
anteiior tibiae dark fuscous, middle tibiae with dark fuscous
central and apical rings, all tarsi with dark fuscous rings at base
of joints. Fore-^ngs whitish, irrorated and iiTegularly suffused
with pale ochreous, with indistinct cloudy ochreous markings ; a
roundish spot at base of costa ; an oblique fascia-like spot from
\ of inner margin, reaching more than half across wing, mixed

BY^E. MEYRICK, B.A. 261

with blackish near inner margin; an oblique fascia-like spot
from costa just before middle, reaching half across wing ; an
irregular spot on anal angle ; a rather larger irregular suffused
spot on costa about f ; a roundish dark fuscous apical spot ;
costa throughout tending to be irregularly .^trigulated with short
blackish marks, sometimes obsolete ; cilia white, round apex
ochreous, with tips and an irregular dividing-Kne dark fuscous.
Hind-wings grey, with an elongate-ovate transparent patch on
disc at base, beneath lower median vein ; cilia whitish.

Larger than either of the two preceding, remarkable from its
densely haired palpi, and the hyaline patch on hind-wings.
When at rest the tips of the fore-wings are bent up very
strongly, more so than in the allied species. Common at Sydney
at rest on fences, from November to January, and again in May.

I have bred this species from a pupa found in the bark of a
fibrous-barked species of Eucalyptus, between the layers ;
although I have not observed the larva, I have little doubt that
it had fed in that situation. Pupa elongate, slender, pale amber,
antennal sheaths separate ; enclosed in a cocoon of firm silk
covered with refuse ; found in November.

Erechthias, n. g.

Head rough all over, tufted between eyes ; with ocelli ; no
tongue. Antennae shorter than fore-wings, in $ somewhat
thickened, basal joint rather broader. Maxillary palpi rather
short, folded. Labial palpi moderately long, porrected, second
joint with from a few bristles to a dense fringe of hairs beneath ;
terminal joint shorter, bluntly pointed, sometimes also fringed
beneath with hairs. Fore-wings elongate, rather narrow,
tolerably evenly pointed. Hind-wings lanceolate, about as
broad as fore-wings, cilia about as broad. Abdomen elongate.
Legs moderate, posterior tibiae clothed with long fine hairs.
Fore-wings with 1 1 veins, sub-costal obsolete towards base ;
secondary cell indicated ; 4 and 5 sometimes approximated on

262 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATTSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTEKA,

hind-margin ; 1 furcate at base, but lower sometimes partially
obsolete. Hind-wings with 8 veins, sub-costal obsolete before
middle ; 5 and 6 stalked, one to either side of apex.

This genus appears to be of some extent; it is subject to
variation with regard to the scaling of the labial palpi, which
are sometimes densely rough-haired, but the gradations do not
admit of further division. The neuration throughout the genus
is uniform ; vein 1 of fore-wings is always furcate at some
distance from base, but the lower branch is sometimes only
distinct at its origin. The width of the fore- wings also vaiies.
The habits of the imago are retired and sluggish; in repose
they sit flatly appressed to the surface, with the apex of the
fore-wings bent upwards. Though not brightly coloured, they
are elegantly marked.

The larva of one species only is known to me ; it is 16-legged,
without peculiarity, and feeds in the seed-heads of one of the
ZiliacecB ; the pupa is placed in a slight cocoon amongst refuse
in the seed-head.

I have ten species of this genus, which may be thus tabularly
arranged : —

A. Fore-wings ochreous.

1 . Fore-wings with dark fuscous streaks

along margins 6 charadrota

2. Fore- wings without dark fuscous streaks

along margins.
a. Face white . . . . . . . . 4 acontistes

h. Face orange-ochreous .. ..5 elaeorrhoa

B. Fore-wings white, with dark fuscous

markings.

1. Labial palpi beneath with long dense

fringe . . . . . . . . 1 mystacinella

2. Labial palpi loosely haired, hardly

rough.

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A. 263

a. With, a central longitudinal streak

from base to apex . . . . 3 stilbella

h. With, a streak along inner margin

from base to middle . . . . 2 chasmatias

e. With a band along inner margin

from base to apex . . . . 7 chionodira

C. Fore- wings grey, with white markings ..10 aellophora

D, Fore- wings dark fuscous with white

markings.

1. Centi'al streak from base broad,

extending to hind-margin . . 8 subpavonella

2. Central streak from base narrow, not

reaching middle . . . . . . 9 niphadopla

Erech. mystacinella, lVh\, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1006 f Tinea. J

(^ $ . 5"-7". Head and palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi with a dense long fringe beneath, more or less concealing
terminal joint. Antennae dark greyish-ochreous, slenderly
annulated with whitish, with a slender black ring above white
basal joint. Thorax white, anterior margin and two spots on
back connected with it blackish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous.
Legs white ; anterior tibias and tarsi black above, middle tarsi
with dark fuscous rings at base of joints. Fore-wings white,
with, a black white-sprinkled streak along inner margin from
base almost to anal angle, narrow at first and partially interruj)ted
near base, emitting two oblique teeth (the first fuscous) before
and after i, which, reach half across wing, and beyond middle
dilated into a broad semi-ovate spot, reaching half across wing,
containing a linear white indentation on its posterior edge ; a
small black spot on costa at base ; a small blackish spot on disc
above and between teeth of dorsal streak ; four slender dark
fuscous streaks from costa ; first before, second beyond middle,
short, very oblique ; third at f , longer, very oblique, uniting at

264 DESCRIPTIONS OF ATJSTRALIAN MICRO-LEPrDOPTERA,

apex with fourtli, wliicli is almost apical and much, less oblique,
extending through costal cilia, and followed by a white line,
beyond which is a round ochreous posteriorly black margined
spot in apical ciKa, containing a crescent-shaped black mark ;
hind-margin faintly clouded with grey; cilia white except on
the apical ochreous spot, beyond which are two distinct blackish
lines round apex only, and a strong short black hook projecting
directly from apical spot, being a prolongation of the black
crescent shaped mark. Hind-wings fuscous-grey, cilia whitish.
A handsome species, variable in size, southern specimens
being the largest. It resembles the two following species in
shape of wing, and general appearance, but is immediately
known by the broad toothed inner-marginal streak, as well as
by the long dense hairs of the labial palpi. A common and
widely distributed species, generally taken at rest on fences,
without any clue to its habits ; it occurs at Sydney and
Parramatta, at Springwood on the Blue Mountains (1,200 feet),
also at Brisbane, Melbourne, and at Brighton in Tasmania, from
October to March.

Erech. chasmatias, n. sp.

^ . 6^." Head white. Palpi white, second joint of labial
palpi dark fuscous above, beneath with loose scales, terminal
joint loosely haired. Antennae whitish, obsoletely annulated
with darker. Thorax white, lateral and anterior margins dark
fuscous. Abdomen ochi'eous-whitish. Legs whitish, anterior
tibise and tarsi blackish above, middle tarsi with dark fuscous
rings at base of joints. Fore -wings white, with dark fuscous
markings; a broad streak along inner margin from base to
beyond middle, where it is attenuated and bent upwards, ending
on disc beyond middle ; a slender straight line from base of
costa through disc to apex, interrupted at f , beyond which it
becomes much broader, containing a black longitudinal streak
and ending in a round black apical spot ; a short very oblique

BY E. MEYRICK, B.A.

265

blotch on costa beyond middle ; a black streak along costa from
about f to apex ; an elongate streak on Kind-margin about anal
angle, attenuated at both ends ; cilia white, with two blackish
dividing lines throughout, and indications of a projecting hook
at apex. Hind- wings whitish-grey, cilia whitish, with two dark
fuscous cloudy lines round apex.

At first sight very like the following species, but the markings
are very differently arranged; probably other nearly allied
species will be found. Two males taken at Wellington, New
Zealand, amongst forest growth, in January.

Erech. stilbella, JFkr., Brit. Mus. Cat. 849 fArgyresthiaJ.

($ ? . 6"-7". Head white, narrowly dark fuscous on sides
and behind. Palpi white, labial palpi with second joint and
base of terminal joint dark fuscous externally, second joint with
loose scales beneath, terminal joint with loose rather long hairs.
Antennae dark fuscous. Thorax white, lateral margins broadly
dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish,
anterior tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous above, middle tarsi with
dark fuscous spots at base of joints. Fore-wings white, with
dark fuscous markings ; a rather broad straight central streak
from base to apex ; extreme costal edge blackish towards base ;
a slender partially indistinct straight line from base of costa
through disc, coalescing with the central streak at | of wing ; a
slender very oblique streak from costa beyond middle, also
coalescing with central streak before apex ; a slender streak
along costa from f to apex ; a slender streak along hind-margin
throughout ; a round blackish apical spot in cilia ; cilia white,
with two dark fuscous dividing lines throughout towards tips,
innermost indistinct. Hind-wings pale fuscous-grey, cilia whitish,
with a blackish dividing line round apex.

Characterised by the strong central streak from base to aj)ex.
Three specimens taken amongst forest at Auckland and
Wellington, New Zealand, in January.
2 H

266 DESCRIPTIONS OF AUSTRALIAN MICRO -LEPIDOPTERA,

Erech. acontistes, n. sj?.

^ 9 . 5i-"-7:^". Head white, sides of crown oclireous-
fascous. Palpi white, labial palpi with, second joint and base of
terminal joint externally ochreous-fuscous, both clothed with
rather loosely appressed hairs, apex of second joint with two
or three projecting bristles above. Antennte dark ochreous-
f Liscous. Thorax dark ochreons-brown, with a central longitudinal
white stripe. Abdomen greyish-ochreous. Legs whitish, anterior
tibife and tarsi dark fuscous above, middle tarsi suffused with
fuscous, posterior tarsi with dark fuscous rings at base of joints.
Fore-wings brownish-ochreous, darkest towards costa ; a white
central longitudinal streak from base to f of disc, somewhat
attenuated at both ends, lower edge straight and sharjDly
maro-ined by a cloudy streak of blackish scales which is continued
to apex of wing ; two very oblique white streaks from costa,
first from middle, second from |, extending almost to hind-
margin ; between them is a small cloudy white spot on disc,
often confluent with the second ; a slender white streak along
hind-margin from beneath apex to anal angle ; a blackish
suffused apical spot, above which is a white spot, and sometimes
anteriorly white-margined ; cilia white, with a blackish dividing-
line before middle, the intercepted basal portion brownish-
ochreous, and with another entire blackish dividing-line beyond
middle, and two others beyond it only visible on middle of hind-
margin ; beyond the second dividing-line at apex is a sub-quadrate
blackish spot, forming a short blunt hook, being margined
beneath by a short wedge-shaped indentation in the cilia. Hind-
wings pale fuscous grey, cilia whitish, with two indistinct blackish
lines round apex.

Nearly allied to the following species, but easily known by
the white head, and pale grey hind- wings ; the markings are
very similar, but clearer. Common at Blackheath on the Blue
Mountains (3,600 feet), and also occurring on the Bulli Pass,
and at Parramatta, in September and October, and again in

BY E. MEYRK'K, B.A. 267

March ; it is a very sluggish iiisoct, and habitually remains at
rest on or near its food plant.

Larva moderately elongate, cylindrical, slightly flattened ;
dirty greyish-white, dorsal vessel darker, slate-coloured ; head
brown ; second segment dark brown. Feeds in the tall spear-
like seed-heads of Xanthorrhcea Australis fLiliaceceJ, the so-called
'' grass-tree;" it burrows amongst the seeds, manifesting its
presence by loosening them at their base and ejecting refuse ;
feeds inFebruary and March, and in August. Pupa pale amber,
in a slight cocoon amongst refuse in the head.

Erech. el^eorrhoa, n. sp.

^ . bl". Head bright orange-ochreous, with a narrow white
longitudinal stripe on crown. Labial palpi bright orange-
ochreous, beneath whitish, with loosely aj^pressed hairs.
Antennae dark fuscous, annulated with whitish. Thorax orange-
ochreous, obsoletely whitish in centre. Abdomen dark fuscous
Legs ochreous- whitish, anterior and middle tibiae and anterior
tarsi suffused with dark fuscous above, middle and posterior
tarsi suffused with dark fuscous at base of joints. Fore- wings
bright orange-ochreous, suffused with white towards inner
margin, and mixed with blackish along costa and hind-margin ;
a white central longitudinal streak from base to beyond |, but
posteriorly suffused, rather indistinct and not sharply marked ;
two very oblique indistinct white streaks from costa, first from
middle, second from f , extending almost to hind-margin ; some
white scales on hind-margin mixed with the black ; cilia dark
fuscous, with a white apical spot, and indistinct blacker lines
round apex. Hind- wings and cilia blackish-fuscous.

Bears a close general resemblance to ^. acontistes, but rather
smaller, brighter and more suffused, with orange-ochreous head
and palpi, and blackish-fuscous hind- wings. One male only, taken
at Parramatta in September, amongst dry scrub.

268 DESCEIPTIONS OF AXJSTEAILIAN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA,

Erech.. charadrota, n. sp.
^ ? . 5"-6^". Head and palpi pale ochreous, face darker
ochreous ; labial palpi externally dark fuscous, second joint
roughly scaled beneatli, with, two or three projecting bristles
above at apex. Antennae pale ochreous, with obsolete darker
fuscous annulations. Thorax pale ochreous. Abdomen greyish-
ochreous. Anterior and middle legs blackish, tarsi with slender
pale ochreous rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs whitish-
ochreous, tarsi suffused at base of joints with dark fuscous. Fore-
wings narrow, pale ochreous ; a broad sharply marked ochreous-
fuscous streak, suffused with blackish, along costa from base to
apex, narrowest at base and dilated beyond middle ; a similar
more evenly broad streak along inner-margin from base to anal
angle ; in the costal streak are a very slender pale ochreous
oblique streak from middle of costa, and an irregular streak-like
pale ochreous spot before apex ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with two
blackish dividing-lines, and a small apical hook-like spot beyond
them. Hind- wings pale fuscous-grey, cilia whitish-grey, with
two blackish lines round apex.

Not nearly resembling any of its congeners ; it is the narrowest-
winged species of the genus. Three specimens taken